DPC/PADI What's new in digital preservation
Issue no. 7 (October 2003 - January 2004)
Compiled by Michael Day (UKOLN, University of Bath) and Gerard
Clifton (National Library of Australia)
26th February 2004
This is a summary of selected recent activity in the field of digital
preservation compiled from the Preserving Access to Digital Information (PADI) Gateway and the
digital-preservation
and padiforum-l mailing lists.
Additional or related items of interest may also be included.
Contents:
- News from organisations and initiatives
1.1
UK Digital Curation Centre 1.2 NSF-DELOS
Working Group on Digital Archiving and Preservation 1.3 Australian Research Information Infrastructure Committee
1.4 NESTOR Kompetenznetzwerk Langzeitarchivierung digitaler
Ressourcen 1.5 European Union FP6 projects 1.6
World Summit on the Information Society 1.7
US National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation
Program 1.8 UK Digital Preservation Coalition
1.9 ERPANET project 1.10 JISC Supporting
Institutional Records Management programme
- Specific areas of activity
2.1 Web archiving 2.2 Formats and tools
2.3 Metadata 2.4 Legal issues 2.5
Institutional repositories, e-prints and e-journals 2.6
Digital library futures
- Other recent publications
- Events
4.1 Recent events
4.2 Forthcoming events
On 5 February 2004, the Joint Information Systems Committee and the
eScience Core Programme announced the award of GBP1.3 million a year for a UK
Digital Curation Centre based in the UK. The centre will be run by a consortium
made up of four partner institutions: the universities of Edinburgh (the
National eScience Centre, the School of Informatics, and other units) and
Glasgow (Humanities Advanced Technology & Information Institute, and
Information Services), the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research
Councils (CCLRC), and the University of Bath (UKOLN). The Centre includes a
research programme funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research
Council (EPSRC), and service, development and outreach activities funded by the
JISC. Peter Burnhill, currently the Centre's acting director, notes that it is
not intended to act as a digital repository itself, instead, "based on insight
from a vibrant research programme that addresses wider issues of data curation,
it will develop and offer programmes of outreach and practical services to
assist those who must curate data."
Joint Information Systems Committee. (2004). "New UK centre to
help secure the future of digital data" [press-release], 5 February 2004.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/index.cfm?name=dcc_news_040204
Burnhill, P. (2004). "Edinburgh at forefront of data curation."
University of Edinburgh, Bulletin of IT Services, February 2004.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.ucs.ed.ac.uk/bits/2004/february_2004/
The final report and recommendations of the NSF-DELOS Working Group on
Digital Archiving and Preservation was published in late 2003. The report
identifies significant challenges in digital archiving and long-term
preservation, and seeks to define the research agenda that would be necessary
to overcome these. Recommendations for the agenda cover three main areas:
- Emerging research domains - the report concludes that further
research is needed on: repository models and repositories for software, formats
and peripheral devices; archival media, storage abstractions and data rescue;
digital object documentation, functionality, the preservation of knowledge
content and age-testing.
- Re-engineering preservation processes - in order to reduce costs, the
report calls for more research into preservation process modelling and
automation, detection of trustworthiness, information quality and collection
completeness, development of smaller-scale affordable solutions and mechanisms
for distributed storage.
- Preservation of systems and technology - the report calls for more
research into management and preservation of complex or dynamic objects and
formats, the automated creation and long-term management of metadata, methods
to assess the impact of potential information loss, and the efficient re-use or
repurposing of digital information.
The three areas that the Working group agreed would have greatest impact
on effectiveness and efficiency of digital preservation were
self-contextualising objects, metadata and ontology development, and mechanisms
for preservation of complex or dynamic objects.
Hedstrom, M., Ross, S., et al., (2003). Invest to
save: report and recommendations of the NSF-DELOS Working Group on Digital
Archiving and Preservation. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://delos-noe.iei.pi.cnr.it/activities/internationalforum/Joint-WGs/digitalarchiving/Digitalarchiving.pdf
On 22 October 2003, the Australian Commonwealth Minister for Science
announced funding of AUD 12 million through the Department of Education,
Science and Training for four new projects to improve Australia's research
information infrastructure and the management of university information.
The four demonstrator projects implement an action plan derived from the
findings of the Higher Education Information Infrastructure Committee's 2002
report, which recommended improvements in information creation and management,
access to information resources, and the discovery and dissemination of new
information to researchers and institutions. The strategy includes the storage
and dissemination of scholarly information and research outputs, including
books, articles, theses and research data. The four projects involve fifteen
Australian universities, Australian and international libraries, as well as
industry representatives and international organisations. The projects will be
co-ordinated by the newly established Australian Research Information
Infrastructure Committee (ARIIC).
The four projects are:
- Meta Access Management System (MAMS) - This will
develop the conceptual architecture and essential "middleware" capable of
supporting multiple independent models for access management systems, allowing
for integration of multiple solutions to manage authentication and
authorisation, digital rights management, metadata and search systems.
- Towards an Australian Partnership for Sustainable
Repositories (APSR) - A three-part project which will focus on
critical issues for continued accessibility and sustainability of digital
collections; will build a base of demonstrator repositories within partner
institutions; and will co-ordinate and encourage development of skills and
expertise across the sector nationally, providing national services and
international linkages.
- The Australian Research Repositories Online to the World
(ARROW) - This will identify and test open-source software solutions
to support institutional repositories of e-prints, digital theses and
electronic publishing, and will include development and testing of national
resource discovery services.
- Australian Digital Theses Program Expansion and Redevelopment
(ADT) - This will increase the coverage and utility of the existing
central metadata repository of the Australian Digital Theses Program, expanding
it to include metadata about all Australian higher degree theses, regardless of
format. Some retrospective digitisation of non-digital theses will also be
included.
Further information on projects and participating institutions is
available in the following documents:
Department of Education, Science and Training. (2002).
Final report of the Higher Education Information Infrastructure Advisory
Committee, Systemic Infrastructure Initiative - Executive Summary.
Canberra: Department of Education, Science and Training, November 2002.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.dest.gov.au/highered/otherpub/heiiac/exec_summary.htm
Department of Education, Science and Training. (2003). $12
million for managing university information [press-release]. Canberra:
Department of Education, Science and Training, October 2003. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from:
http://www.dest.gov.au/Ministers/Media/McGauran/2003/10/mcg002221003.asp
National Library of Australia. (2003). "National Library to
participate in 'Backing Australia's ability: an innovation action plan for the
future'." Gateways, 66, December 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004,
from: http://www.nla.gov.au/ntwkpubs/gw/66/html/p18a01.html
The German Federal Ministry for Education and Research
(Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) is funding an initiative
called the NESTOR Network of Expertise in long-term STOrage of digital
Resources (Kompetenznetzwerk Langzeitarchivierung digitaler Ressourcen). The
network will provide a forum on digital preservation topics and will produce
guidance on standards and best practice. Topics that will be considered by the
network include: criteria for trusted digital repositories, certification
procedures, selection for preservation, and the principles of long-term
preservation. Partners in the network are Die Deutsche Bibliothek, the Bavarian
State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek), the Göttingen State and
University Library (Niedersächsische Staats- und
Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen), the Humboldt University of Berlin,
the Bavarian State Archives (Generaldirektion der Staatlichen Archive Bayerns),
and the Institute for Museum Studies (Institut für Museumskunde) in
Berlin.
NESTOR Kompetenznetzwerk Langzeitarchivierung digitaler
Ressourcen. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.langzeitarchivierung.de/
The European Commission (EC) unit on the 'Preservation and enhancement
of cultural heritage' has announced eight new projects funded under the
European Union's 6th Framework Programme (FP6). The structure and funding of
projects under FP6 is different to that of previous framework programmes,
resulting in a smaller number of much larger projects. Bernard Smith, the head
of unit, notes that these projects bring together more than 250 participants,
and that the projects have been allocated a 'funding envelope' of around EUR 37
million. The projects with the most relevance to digital preservation are:
- DELOS Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries -
This is a 'network of excellence' that intends to integrate and co-ordinate the
ongoing activities of European research into digital libraries. The project is
defining a joint programme of activities, which is organised into seven
research clusters. One of these clusters (Work Package 6) concerns
preservation, and is led by the University of Glasgow, UK.
- PRESTOSPACE: Preservation towards storage and
access. Standardised Practices for Audio-visual contents in Europe - This
'integrated project' builds on an older EU project (PRESTO), and its objective
is to provide technical solutions and integrated systems for the preservation
of all types of digital audio-visual collections. The focus is on developing a
semi-automated 'preservation factory' approach to preservation of audio-visual
collections. The project is co-ordinated by the French Insitut national de
l'audiovisuel (Ina), and partners include major broadcasting and film archives
- including the archives departments of RAI (Radiotelevisione Italiana) and the
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) - together with applied research
institutes, universities and various industrial partners. Web site retrieved
February 24, 2004, from: http://prestospace.ina.fr/
Insitut national de l'audiovisuel. (2004). PrestoSpace: le
projet européen de recherche sur la sauvegarde et la numérisation
des archives audiovisuelles [press dossier]. Bry-sur-Marne, France: Ina, 5
February 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.ina.fr/presse/dossiers/prestospace.pdf
- BRICKS: Building Resources for Integrated Cultural
Knowledge Services - This 'integrated project' aims to establish the
foundations of a digital library for integrating collections of multimedia
digital documents in the cultural heritage domain. The BRICKS project is
co-ordinated by Engineering Ingegneria Informatica SpA, Italy.
- EPOCH: Excellence in Processing Open Cultural
Heritage - This 'network of excellence' is focused on improving the quality and
effectiveness of the use of information and communication technologies for
cultural heritage applications. The network is co-ordinated by the University
of Brighton, UK.
- MinervaPLUS: Ministerial Network for Valorising
Activities in digitisation PLUS - This is a 'coordination action' - building on
a similar activity funded under the 5th Framework Programme - that will
harmonise activities relating to the digitisation of cultural and scientific
content. The scope of the project specifically includes promoting
recommendations and guidelines about digitisation, metadata, long-term
accessibility, and preservation. MinervaPLUS is co-ordinated by the Ministero
per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Italy: Web site retrieved February
24, 2004, from: http://www.minervaeurope.org/
More information on all eight FP6 projects controlled by the EC
'Preservation and enhancement of cultural heritage' unit can be found in:
European Commission, DG Information Society. DigiCULT
Newsletter, 5(1), February 2004: Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/ist/docs/digicult/february2004.pdf
Some projects funded under the 'Semantic-based knowledge systems' action
line in FP6 may also have some relevance to digital preservation activities in
the longer term, but these mostly relate to ontologies and Semantic Web
developments rather than to preservation itself:
- DIP: Data Information and Process Integration with
Semantic Web Services - This is an 'integrated project' co-ordinated by the
National University of Ireland Galway with other research and industrial
partners. Its objectives include the semantic enrichment of Web Services. Web
site retrieved February 24, 2004, from: http://dip.semanticweb.org/
- Knowledge Web - This is a 'network of excellence'
focused on fostering the use of ontology technology in industrial contexts. The
network is co-ordinated by the University of Innsbruck, Austria. Web site
retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://knowledgeweb.semanticweb.org/
More information on FP6 can be found on the Cordis Web site, retrieved
February 24, 2004, from: http://fp6.cordis.lu/fp6/home.cfm
The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) takes place under the
patronage of the UN (United Nations) Secretary-General and is an activity led
by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in co-operation with other
UN agencies. It aims to bring together member states, UN agencies,
non-governmental organisations, private sector organisations, etc. to address
the challenges of the fast-evolving global information society. The first phase
of WSIS was held in Geneva, Switzerland on the 10-12 December 2003. It adopted
a Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action. The
principles uphold the role of existing cultural heritage institutions in the
long-term preservation of digital information and records:
Public institutions such as libraries and archives,
museums, cultural collections and other community-based access points should be
strengthened so as to promote the preservation of documentary records and free
and equitable access to information (Article 26).
In the Plan of Action, governments are encouraged to establish
legislation on the preservation of public data (paragraph 10). Elsewhere, the
plan promotes the "long-term systematic and efficient collection, dissemination
and preservation of essential scientific digital data" (paragraph 22) and
supports efforts for "developing systems for ensuring continued access to
archived digital information and multimedia content" (paragraph 23). The second
phase of WSIS will take place in Tunis, Tunisia on the 16-18 November 2005.
World Summit on the Information Society. Declaration of
principles. WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/4-E, 12 December 2003.
http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/md/03/wsis/doc/S03-WSIS-DOC-0004!!PDF-E.pdf
World Summit on the Information Society. Plan of
action. WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/5-E, 12 December 2003.
http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/md/03/wsis/doc/S03-WSIS-DOC-0005!!PDF-E.pdf
The National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
(NDIIPP) has published a report compiled by Margaret Hedstrom (University of
Michigan) entitled It's about time: research challenges in digital
archiving and long-term preservation. The report is a product of a
workshop on 'Research Challenges in Digital Archiving and Long-Term
Preservation' held in Washington, D.C. in April 2002, jointly sponsored by the
National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Library of Congress. Hedstrom's
report summarises the discussions and recommendations of the workshop in order
to help develop a research agenda for digital archiving and long-term
preservation. The report first outlines what is at stake if the challenges of
digital preservation are not addressed. After a survey of the current
situation, it goes on to propose a research agenda based on the following
categories:
- Technical architectures for repositories
- Attributes of collections
- Tools and technologies
- Organisational, economic and policy issues
There follows some notes on implementing the research agenda, concluding
that "it's about time to launch a new research initiative" (p. 26).
Hedstrom, M. (2003). It's about time: research challenges
in digital archiving and long-term preservation. Retrieved February 24,
2004, from:
http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/repor/NSF_LC_Final_Report.pdf
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Arts and Humanities
Data Service (AHDS) joined the Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC) in October
2003 as associate members. Maggie Jones, the DPC's recently appointed (May
2003) co-ordinator, was interviewed in the Februrary 2004 issue of RLG
DigiNews. She talks about past achievements and future priorities, the
DPC's membership and stakeholders, etc. The first DPC Technology Watch Report,
by Brian Lavoie (OCLC Research) on the Reference Model for an Open Archival
Information System (OAIS), was published in January 2004.
Lavoie, B. (2004). The Open Archival Information System
Reference Model: introductory guide. DPC Technology Watch Series Report
04-01. OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. and Digital Preservation
Coalition, January 2004.
http://www.dpconline.org/docs/lavoie_OAIS.pdf
RLG DigiNews. (2004). "Editor's interview: Maggie Jones,
Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC)." RLG DigiNews, 8(1), February
2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/diginews8-1.html#feature2
ERPANET continues to provide new products and services to support
digital preservation.
ERPAePRINTS
At the IFLA Conference and General Congress, held in Berlin in August
2003, ERPANET launched 'ERPAePRINTS,' an Open Archive repository set up in
conjunction with the DAEDALUS project and the Swiss National Archives to
provide an ePrints preservation and access facility for the cultural and
scientific heritage community. The repository seeks to acquire through deposit
and preserve the full text of the research output of experts, scholars and
researchers in the field of digital preservation and is intended complement
existing publication routes and services.
The ERPAePRINTS service runs on the GNU EPrints Archive Software, a
freely distributable archive system developed at the University of Southampton
(retrieved February 24, 2004, from: http://software.eprints.org/). Deposits
to the repository are encouraged and other institutions are invited to set up
their own open archives for author self-archiving, using the EPrints.org
software.
ERPAePRINTS Web pages, retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://eprints.erpanet.org/
ERPANET tools
ERPANET have developed a number of tools (ERPAtools) to promote
proactive approaches to digital preservation challenges. Four tools are
available in the first suite (retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/04tools.html):
- Cost Orientation Tool - This tool provides an
overview of cost factors that an agency might consider in determining the costs
of digital preservation, presenting a table of factors and issues, cost impacts
and considerations, along with a proposed approach for use of the tool. PDF
document retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/tools/ERPANETCostingTool.pdf
- Selecting Technologies Tool - This tool outlines the
role of technology in digital preservation, the need to develop a digital
preservation policy, strategy and set of requirements, and includes a table of
factors for consideration when evaluating technologies to support them. PDF
document retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/tools/ERPANETSelect_Techno.pdf
- Digital Preservation Policy Tool - This tool
describes the reasons for developing a digital preservation policy and provides
guidance on areas for inclusion in such a policy, including scope and
objectives, requirements, roles and responsibilities, context, coverage, costs,
monitoring and review, and implementation. PDF document retrieved February 24,
2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/tools/ERPANETPolicyTool.pdf
- Risk Communication Tool - This tool is intended to
assist organisations to determine which digital resources are at risk in an
organisation, to identify, categorise and prioritise the risks, to enable
communication about risk areas and to stimulate risk management strategy
development. PDF document retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/tools/ERPANETRiskTool.pdf
ERPANET events
The report from the ERPANET workshop on 'The long-term preservation of
databases,' held at the Swiss National Archives in Bern, 9-11 April 2003, is
now available. The Workshop report covers the practical experiences and
development projects of seven initiatives from across Europe and the United
States, as well as presenting steps in the database preservation process,
including extraction, appraisal, description and access. Migration was favoured
as an approach for database archiving in all the cases presented.
ERPANET. The long-term preservation of databases: ERPANET
workshop report, Bern, April 9-11, 2003. December 2003. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/bern/Bern_Report_final.pdf
ERPANET. Metadata in digital preservation: ERPANET Training
Seminar, Marburg, September 3-5, 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/marburg/marburg.htm
Presentations from these and other recent ERPANET events are also
available on the project's Web site (retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/). These include
the workshop jointly organised with the Italian Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
on 'Trusted Repositories for Preserving Cultural Heritage,' held in Rome, 17-19
November 2003, and the joint ERPANET and CODATA workshop on the 'Selection,
Appraisal and Retention of Digital Scientific Data,' held in Lisbon, 15-17
December 2003. More details of these events are included in the Recent Events
section (below).
ERPANET Topic of the Month
In January 2004, ERPANET launched its Topic of the Month pages,
which aim to bring together the knowledge and expertise ERPANET has accumulated
to date on various themes and topics in the field of digital preservation. The
focus topic for January 2004 was "metadata" and the pages provide an editorial
on this topic plus links to a range of associated resources, commentaries,
studies and reports, including a transcript and summary of the
'erpaCHAT' expert online discussion of digital preservation metadata,
which took place on 6 November 2003 following the ERPANET training seminar on
metadata, held in Marburg, Germany on the 3-5 September 2003.
ERPANET Topic of the Month pages. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from: http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/topic/topic.htm
Twelve projects were funded under Theme 1 of the UK Joint Information
Systems Committee's Supporting Institutional Records Management programme (JISC
09/02) to explore the practical and theoretical problems associated with
applying the JISC-funded Study of the Records Lifecycle in higher
education institutions. In December 2003, a series of studies from these
projects were made available. These focus on different aspects of implementing
the lifecycle study, e.g. student and employee records, e-mail, Web sites,
primary research data, etc.
JISC Supporting Institutional Records Management programme.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/index.cfm?name=programme_supporting_irm
The changeability of the web and the ephemeral nature of web-published
documents provide the basis for several articles appearing recently.
The longevity of Web references
A study by Dellavalle, et al. (2003) examined Internet
citations from papers published in three major scientific and medical journals
(New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, Science)
after three, 15 and 27 months, and found the prevalence of inactive links
increasing from 3.8 to 13 percent over the period. Possible solutions to the
problem are discussed, including the use of persistent identifiers.
Dellavalle's findings and other studies on the problem were also discussed in
an article appearing in the Washington Post (Weiss, 2003).
Wallace Koehler (2004) provides an update on the extension of a study,
to May 2003, on the longevity of a single set of URLs (360 web pages and 343
web sites), monitored weekly since December 1996. While only 33.8% of the
sample pages persisted at the original URLs, some inferences are drawn about
the relative stability of navigation pages and content pages and distribution
of page stability across top-level domains with age.
From a slightly different perspective, Burke, Germain and Van Ullen
(2003) raise the issue of the inclusion of Web sites in library catalogues. The
volatility of Web resources and the fact that they are not under direct control
of the library means that their inclusion in library catalogues risks its
accuracy and reliability. The authors' survey of ARL (Association of Research
Libraries) institutions revealed a large variation in the number of linking
errors in library catalogues. As with Koehler's paper, the authors conclude
with some observations on the stability of certain domains and types of Web
page and suggest that these could inform future collection development
policies.
Burke, G., Germain, C. A., & Van Ullen, M. K. (2003). "URLs
in the OPAC: integrating or disintegrating research libraries' catalogs."
Journal of Academic Librarianship, 29(5), 290-297.
Dellavalle, R. P., Hester, E. J., Heilig, L. F., Drake, A. L.,
Kuntzman, J. W., Graber, M., & Schilling, L. M. (2003). "Going, going,
gone: lost Internet references." Science, 302 (5646), 787-788, 31
October 2003.
Koehler, W. (2004) "A longitudinal study of Web pages
continued: a consideration of document persistence". Information
Research, 9(2), January 2004. Available at Retrieved February 24, 2004,
from: http://informationr.net/ir/9-2/paper174.html
Weiss, R. (2003). "On the Web, research work proves ephemeral."
Washington Post, 24 November 2003, p. A08. Retrieved February 24,
2004, from:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A8730-2003Nov23?language=printer
Web-archiving initiatives
Cruse et al. (2003) reported on a project addressing the roles
of libraries and other memory institutions in preserving web-based government
information in the United States. The report outlined the project team's
methodology, including a demographic review of the US dot-gov domain, and also
noted the challenges in the capture, curation, and persistent management of
web-based materials, with discussion of cost elements and a route map for
service implementation.
Juha Hakala (2003) provided an update to a report on European
experiences in archiving the Web, extending the discussion of the NEDLIB
project and the Nordic Web Archive (NWA) to include current figures and a
description of the work being undertaken by the International Internet
Preservation Consortium to develop new web archiving tools.
Margaret Phillips has described Australia's Web archive PANDORA and its
digital archiving system PANDAS in a recent article published in
DigiCULT.Info (Phillips, 2003). As well as discussing the roles and
differing approaches of national libraries in relation to web harvesting, the
article provides an overview of the selection criteria used for PANDORA, the
processes of digital archiving, and the main functions of the PANDAS software.
Future directions for the PANDAS archiving system and digital archiving
initiatives such as the 'Deep Web' were also described.
A newly formed UK Web Archiving Consortium is in the process of
tendering for a common Web archive infrastructure for the UK. The members of
the consortium are the British Library, the Joint Information Systems
Committee, the National Archives, the National Library of Scotland, the
National Library of Wales, and the Wellcome Trust. The consortium is looking
for a contractor that will provide the infrastructure for the capture of
selected sites, to provide public access and technical support. The initial
contract period is for a two-year pilot, in which it is expected approximately
6,000 sites will be collected.
Cruse, P., Eckman, C., Kunze, J., Christenson, H., Colvin, J.,
Hutton, C., & Greenstein, D. (2003). Web-based government information:
evaluating solutions for capture, curation and preservation. Oakland,
Calif.: California Digital Library, November 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004,
from:
http://www.cdlib.org/programs/Web-based_archiving_mellon_Final.pdf
Hakala, J. (2003). "Archiving the Web: European experiences."
Teitolinja, 2/2003, December 2003. [URN:NBN:fi-fe20031951]. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/tietolinja/0203/webarchive.html
Phillips, M. E. (2003). "PANDORA, Australia's Web archive, and
the digital archiving system that supports it." DigiCULT.info, 6,
24-28. December 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/dc_info_issue6_december_20031.pdf
Technologies and tools
On the technology front, the NWA (Nordic Web Archive) Toolset has been
released as open source software under the GNU General Public License. The
Toolset allows search and navigation functions within web archives via standard
web browsers, and comprises a Document Retriever, which delivers documents to
other modules, an Exporter, which prepares documents for search engine
indexing, and an Access module which interfaces with a search engine and the
Document Retriever.
NWA Toolset. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://nwa.nb.no/index.php?doc=aboutNwaToolset
The NWA Toolset and associated documentation are available for
downloading from the National Library of Norway Web site. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from: http://nwa.nb.no/index.php?doc=download
Archiving dynamically-generated content
A recent paper by Fitch (2003) discussed an approach to archiving
dynamically generated responses from a web site as they are delivered. The
results of changes to content and content generation systems, as manifested in
the changed pages a site generates in response to delivery requests, are
inspected via the outgoing server, and materially different responses are
archived as a record of the site as delivered at particular points in time.
Fitch, K. (2003). "Web site archiving: an approach to recording
every materially different response produced by a Website." AusWeb 2003:
the Ninth Australian World Wide Web Conference, Hyatt Sanctuary Cove, Gold
Coast, Australia, 5-9 July 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://ausweb.scu.edu.au/aw03/papers/fitch/
Full-text searching of the Internet Archive
The Internet Archive has now added a feature called "Recall" for
full-text searching of the archive. This is a search engine (currently in beta)
that indexes the text of over 11 billion pages, dating from 1996. Users can
search for text strings and limit result by date.
Internet Archive Recall. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://recall.archive.org/
Background information at: Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://ia00406.archive.org/about.html
JHOVE (JSTOR/Harvard Object Validation Environment)
JSTOR and the Harvard University Library (2003) have collaborated to
produce JHOVE (pronounced "Jove"), an open source, extensible, Java-based
application designed to automate the identification, validation and
characterisation of file formats. The process is based on analysis of files
themselves against defined profile schemata rather than filename extensions.
Several standard modules are currently available (ASCII, UTF-8, GIF, JPEG,
TIFF, PDF, XML and "bitstream") and the ability to define further modules is a
feature of the software. The software, modules and documentation are available
for download under a GNU General Public License.
Harvard University Library & JSTOR. (2003). JHOVE:
JSTOR/Harvard Object Validation Environment: Digital Format Specific
Validation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Library, December 2003.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://hul.harvard.edu/jhove/jhove.html
Release of PRONOM 3
The Web-enabled version 3 of the UK National Archives PRONOM database is
now available online. The database can be searched by file extension, product
or vendor name, and release or support dates, and can be used to identify
formats, compatible products and support coverage. The initial data load is
intended to include the most commonly used office products for PC operating
systems, with the aim to load information on around 450 products shortly,
followed by ongoing work to verify information on a further 3,000 formats.
Contributions to the data collection are encouraged and may be submitted via an
online form. Access the web-enabled PRONOM database and format submission form
from the National Archives Public Record Office Web pages, retrieved February
24, 2004, from: http://www.records.pro.gov.uk/pronom/
An overview of the purpose, content development strategies and future
development plans for PRONOM was published in the October 2003 issue of RLG
DigiNews (Darlington, 2003).
Darlington, J. (2003). "PRONOM: a practical online compendium
of file formats," RLG DigiNews 7(5), October 2003. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from:
http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/diginews7-5.html#feature2
MPEG-21 Digital Item Description Language
An article in the November 2003 issue of D-Lib Magazine
(Bekaert, Hochstenbach & Van de Sompel, 2003) looks at the major
characteristics of the MPEG-21 Digital Item Description Language (DIDL), an XML
packaging format for multimedia, which provides broad flexibility and
extensibility for complex object representation. Studies at the Research
Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) into use of DIDL for the
representation of complex objects have led to a decision to make
DIDL-conformant documents the unit of storage in the LANL repository, and
suggest that DIDL may be useful for other digital library applications. A
further article in D-Lib Magazine (Bekaert, et al., 2004)
looks at the application of MPEG-21 Digital Item Processing (DIP) and NISO
OpenURL for the dynamic dissemination of complex digital objects.
Bekaert, J., Hochstenbach, P., & Van de Sompel, H. (2003).
"Using MPEG-21 DIDL to represent complex digital objects in the Los Alamos
National Laboratory Digital Library" D-Lib Magazine, 9(11), November
2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november03/bekaert/11bekaert.html
Bekaert, J., Balakireva, L., Hochstenbach, P., & Van de
Sompel, H. (2004). "Using MPEG-21 DIP and NISO OpenURL for the dynamic
dissemination of complex digital objects in the Los Alamos National Laboratory
Digital Library." D-Lib Magazine, 10(2), February 2004. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february04/bekaert/02bekaert.html
PDF/A
Progress in the development of PDF/A, a restricted set of
characteristics for Adobe's PDF format amenable to long-term management of
text-based documents, is described in a recent RLG DigiNews article
(LeFurgy, 2003). Characteristics of the proposed standard, now under
consideration for further development by a Joint Working Group of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), include legally-compliant
embedding of fonts, device-independent specification of colour spaces, and
strict exclusion of audio and video, JavaScript, executable file launches and
encryption.
LeFurgy, W.G. (2003). "PDF/A: developing a file format for
long-term preservation." RLG DigiNews 7(6), December 2003. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/v7_n6_feature1.html
University of Leeds, Rendering and Representation Project
Further outputs from the Rendering and Representation Project at the
University of Leeds are available. Results on further development of the
Migration on Request concept are presented, including a case study using bitmap
colour spaces to investigate development of canonical intermediate structures
for interchange, discussion of use of a minimal subset of Java for long-life
programming, and the design of a tool for the Migration on Request of text from
HTML to other formats.
Further work on the Representation Networks concept has produced a case
study on the creation and maintenance of a representation network for a
particular file type, and the initial design framework for a database to
support the rendering of preserved digital objects.
Representation and Rendering Project Web site. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/reprend/
XML as a preservation format
Andreas Aschenbrenner (ERPANET) has published in the February 2004 issue
of RLG DigiNews, a study of data formats, focusing in particular on
XML. XML formats are often proposed as candidates for standard formats that can
be used for preservation. In response, Aschenbrenner notes the lack of
suitability of XML for many data types (e.g. images, multimedia, large-scale
scientific data), finds that its human-readability is dependent on an
understanding of tag labels and semantics, as is its reusability and
interoperability.
Aschenbrenner, A. (2004). "The bits and bites of data formats:
stainless design for digital endurance." RLG DigiNews, 8(1), February
2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.rlg.org/preserv/diginews/diginews8-1.html#feature3
Preservation Metadata
The PREMIS (PREservation Metadata Implementation Strategies) Group is
composed of representatives from library, academic, museum, government and
commercial communities, and seeks to carry forward the efforts of the OCLC/RLG
Preservation Metadata Working Group, with a focus on the practical aspects of
implementing preservation metadata in digital preservation systems.
Also sponsored by OCLC and RLG, the PREMIS group's objectives are to
develop an implementable set of broadly applicable "core" preservation metadata
elements and a data dictionary, to examine strategies for encoding, storage,
management and exchange of preservation metadata, to conduct pilot programs to
test recommendations and best practice in a variety of settings and to explore
options for creation and sharing of preservation metadata.
The PREMIS group is divided into two subgroups:
- The Core Elements Subgroup - charged with
determining a core set of elements, with consideration of what is
implementable, and development of a data dictionary.
- The Implementation Strategies Subgroup - charged
with examining encoding, storage, management and exchange strategies and
testing implementation of recommendations through pilot programs.
Activities of the Core Elements Subgroup have been to define terminology
and a methodology for comparing element sets, to map elements from various
preservation metadata implementations against the OCLC/RLG framework, and work
through the elements. Recent discussions have focused on identifiers, types of
relationships between objects and how they apply to objects at different
levels, the treatment of events within various implementations, and development
of a typology of entities for digital objects, to clarify at which levels given
elements would apply. Work on a data dictionary for core elements is
progressing.
The Implementation Strategies Subgroup have developed, tested and
revised an Implementation Survey on metadata practices in digital preservation
repositories, which was subsequently distributed to a range of preservation
initiatives and made available on the OCLC web site for response. The Subgroup
is currently compiling a summary of results for analysis.
For more information about PREMIS activities and Subgroups, visit:
DCMI Preservation Working Group
At the DCMI-2003 conference in Seattle, a DCMI (Dublin Core Metadata
Initiative) working group on preservation was proposed to act as a discussion
forum for individuals and organisations with an interest in preservation
metadata. The DCMI Preservation Working Group exists to collect information on
and review existing preservation metadata schemas, to investigate the need for
domain-specific schemas, and to liaise with other preservation metadata
initiatives like PREMIS. Joint chairs are Andrew Wilson of the National
Archives of Australia and Heike Neuroth of the Göttingen State and
University Library. Membership of the group, as with all other DCMI Working
Groups, is open to interested members of the community with the time and
expertise relevant to the domain of the group.
DCMI Preservation Working Group: Retrieved February 24, 2004,
from: http://dublincore.org/groups/preservation/
Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
The use and development of the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for
Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) have been the subjects of two recent papers.
Boston (2003) describes the use of the OAI-PMH at the National Library of
Australia, in a paper given at the 'International Seminar on the Use of
Standards in the Development of Online Access Systems for Archives,' held in
Canberra in October 2003. The paper looked at the advantages of using the
protocol on Library services such as PictureAustralia, the Australian National
Bibliographic Database and the library's digital collections, and also provided
a brief description of OAI software.
The aim to incorporate structured rights expressions about metadata and
resources into the OAI-PMH is the basis of a recent white paper (Lagoze, et
al., 2003), which describes the scope and issues to be investigated, and
which will result in a set of OAI-PMH guidelines, scheduled for release in the
second quarter of 2004.
Boston, T. (2003). National Library of Australia
initiatives using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol For Metadata
Harvesting. Canberra: National Library of Australia, October 2003.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/2003/boston1.html
Lagoze, C., Van de Sompel, H., Nelson, M., & Warner, S.
(2003). OAI Rights White Paper. Open Archives Initiative, 26 September
2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.openarchives.org/documents/OAIRightsWhitePaper.html
DFG Long-term preservation of digital publications project
Researchers at the University of the Federal Armed Forces in Munich
published a paper on extending and implementing the OAIS (Open Archival
Information System) reference model (Rödig, et al., 2003). This
reported on research carried out as part of a German Research Foundation (DFG)
funded project called "Langzeitarchivierung digitaler Publikationen"
(long term preservation of digital publications), led by the Bavarian State
Library. The paper looks at three main topics: modelling the 'detachment' of
digital objects from their media as part of the ingest function, investigating
the role of database management systems in supporting the functions of an OAIS,
and looking at the prospects for the semi-automatic generation of metadata.
Other project outcomes have been published (in German) in Rödig, Pfeiffer
and Borghoff (2002) and in a book (Borghoff, et al., 2003), described
in section 3 (below).
Langzeitarchivierung digitaler Publikationen project
Web site: Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://ist.unibw-muenchen.de/Inst2/Research/LZA/index.html
Rödig, P., Borghoff, U. M., Scheffczyk, J., & Schmitz,
L. (2003). "Preservation of digital publications: an OAIS extension and
implementation." Proceedings of the 2003 ACM Symposium on Document
Engineering, Grenoble, France. Full-text available to subscribers only
through the ACM Digital Library. Abstract retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/958220.958245
Rödig, P., Pfeiffer, E., & Borghoff, U. (2002).
Langzeitarchivierung digitaler Medien. Bericht Nr. 2002-02. Munich:
Universität der Bundeswehr München, Fakultät für
Informatik, June 2002. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www2-data.informatik.unibw-muenchen.de/Research/Projects/LZA/lza_techrep.pdf
Library of Congress metadata overview
In a short paper based on a workshop presentation, Sally McCallum
reports on three main aspects of the Library of Congress's metadata activities.
Firstly, she notes the continued primacy of stable standards like the
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR), MARC21, and the Encoded Archival
Description (EAD) for bibliographic description and control. Secondly, she
introduces the use of an XML-based MARC21 format (MARCXML) for promoting
interoperability between MARC21 records in ISO 2709 format and XML-based usage
scenarios, e.g. for harvesting by the OAI protocol, for managing
transformations to and from formats like the Metadata Object Description Schema
(MODS), ONIX, Dublin Core, etc. Thirdly, McCallum notes broader metadata needs,
e.g. for technical and rights metadata, noting Library of Congress involvement
in developing and deploying the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard
(METS).
McCallum, S.H. (2003). "Library of Congress metadata
landscape." Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie,
50(4), 182-187, July-August 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://zfbb.thulb.uni-jena.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-85/j03-h4-auf-2.pdf
Two perspectives on Dublin Core
In the first of two short articles, Wendy Duff (University of Toronto)
argues that while the goals of the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) are
admirable, the Dublin Core metadata element set has many limitations from an
archivist's perspective. She notes its relatively low deployment on the Web and
her doubts about the element set's 'domain neutrality,' arguing that all
taxonomies are "grounded upon, shaped by, and reflect the world view of their
creators" (p. 32). In reply, Andrew Wilson (National Archives of Australia)
defends the Dublin Core, noting that it was only ever intended to be "a set of
signposts for digital surfers." On the positive side, Wilson argued that the
DCMI had successfully demonstrated that a diverse group of individuals could
work together to form a global community. He also noted the importance of DCMI
for supporting work on tools and technologies that support all types of
metadata, e.g. with regard to metadata registries and the Semantic Web.
Duff, W. (2003). "The Dublin Core and its limitations."
DigiCULT.Info, 6, 31-32, December 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004,
from:
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/dc_info_issue6_december_20031.pdf
Wilson, A. (2003). "Why the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
(DCMI) is important." DigiCULT.Info, 6, 32-34, December 2003.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/dc_info_issue6_december_20031.pdf
Open Language Archives Community (OLAC)
There are an increasing number of language resources becoming available
in digital form, including both data (lexicons, grammars, field notes,
recordings, etc.) and the software tools used to create and view them (Simons
& Bird, 2003). Linguistic scholars and others have long noted problems
with, for example, the discovery of language resources, the non-standard ways
in which they are created, and their long-term accessibility. In order to
respond to these problems, the Open Language Archives Community (OLAC) was
formed in 2000 to help develop consensus on best practice for the digital
archiving of language resources, also to act as a network of interoperating
repositories and services. Steven Bird (the universities of Melbourne and
Pennsylvania) and Gary Simons (SIL International) have recently produced a
series of publications on various aspects of OLAC. These include papers on its
basic infrastructure (Simons & Bird, 2003) and an application profile of
Dublin Core metadata that can be harvested using the OAI protocol (Bird &
Simons, 2003a), and a study of the 'portability' of languages over time and
between application domains and scholarly communities (Bird & Simons,
2003b).
OLAC: Open Language Archives Community. Retrieved February 24,
2004, from: http://www.language-archives.org/
Bird, S., & Simons, G. (2003a). "Extending Dublin Core
metadata to support the description and discovery of language resources."
Computers and the Humanities, 37(4), 375-388. Retrieved February 24,
2004, from: http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.CL/0308022
Bird, S., & Simons, G., (2003b). "Seven dimensions of
portability for language documentation and description." Language,
79(3), 557-582. Preprint retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.language-archives.org/documents/portability.pdf
Simons, G., & Bird, S. (2003). "The Open Language Archives
Community: an infrastructure for distributed archiving of language."
Literary and Linguistic Computing, 18(2), 117-128. Preprint retrieved
February 24, 2004, from: http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.CL/0306040
Other recent publications
Caplan, P. (2003). Metadata fundamentals for all librarians.
Chicago, Ill.: American Library Association. ISBN 0-83890-847-0.
An introduction to metadata for librarians and others working
in library environments by Priscilla Caplan (Florida Center for Library
Automation). The book introduces metadata schemes and profiles, syntax and
content rules, and provides overviews of many standards - organised by domain.
The book was reviewed by Stuart Sutton (University of Washington) in the
December 2003 issue of D-Lib Magazine. Retrieved February 24, 2004,
from: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december03/12bookreview.html
Gorman, G. E., & Dorner, D. G., eds., (2004). Metadata
applications and management. (International Yearbook of Library and
Information Management, 2003-2004). London: Facet Publishing. ISBN
1-85604-474-2.
The International Yearbook of Library and Information
Management (IYLIM) is an annual edited volume covering a specific subject
area. The topic of the latest volume is metadata and the book contains fifteen
chapters on various metadata-related topics, including a chapter by Michael Day
(UKOLN, University of Bath) on "Preservation metadata" (pp. 253-273). In the
United States, the volume is distributed by Scarecrow Press (ISBN
0-8108-4980-1)
Copyright and licensing
A seminar on Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation was held
on the 19th November 2003 in London. Attendees included publishers, librarians,
legal and digital preservation experts. The seminar featured a presentation on
the UK Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB) funded Copyright and Licensing
for Digital Preservation (CLDP) project as well as discussion focused on
preservation copying requirements, copyright issues and relationships with
publishers. A seminar report describes constraints to digital preservation and
proposed recommendations on how these may be overcome:
Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project.
(2003). Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project
Seminar. Loughborough University, Department of Information Science.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/CLDP/Project_reports.htm
Further papers are available from the CLDP project, which is
investigating how copyright legislation and licensed access to digital content
may limit the ability of libraries to provide long-term access to that content
and suggesting ways in which these problems can be overcome. The aims of the
CLDP Project, and copyright issues involved in copying for digital
preservation, extension of legal deposit legislation, licensing and perpetual
access are described in papers by Adrienne Muir. A report for CLDP by Michael
Norris examines the copyright laws of twenty-five countries to identify clauses
allowing the copying of copyright material for preservation, as well as other
clauses which may in other ways help or hinder preservation, including those
dealing with adaptation of computer programs or circumvention of copy
protection.
Muir, A. (2003). "Copyright and licensing for digital
preservation." Library & Information Update, 2(6) June 2003,
34-36. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.cilip.org.uk/update/issues/jun03/article2june.html
Muir, A. (2003). "Copyright and licensing issues for digital
preservation and possible solutions." In: Proceedings of the ICCC/IFIP Seventh
International Conference on Electronic Publishing, Universidade do Minho,
Guimarães, Portugal, 25-28 June 2003.
Norris, M. (2004). "An international survey of archival,
preservation and related clauses in copyright law." Loughborough University, 19
February 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/CLDP/Project_reports.htm
Peter B. Hirtle discusses US copyright law and possible options for
libraries and archives for copying of digital materials for preservation
purposes or under "fair use" provisions.
Hirtle, P. B. (2003). "Digital Preservation and Copyright." In:
Copyright and Fair Use, Stanford University Libraries, November 2003. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from:
http://fairuse.stanford.edu/commentary_and_analysis/2003_11_hirtle.html
Anti-circumvention laws
One of the legal issues that are often raised in digital preservation
contexts is the right for libraries and other repository institutions to
reverse engineer computer programs for preservation. While his review does not
focus on the preservation aspects, Carlos Fernandez-Molina has provided a good
review of anti-circumvention laws in the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act
(DCMA), European Union directives on conditional access (1998) and copyright
(2001), and the Australian Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act 2000. He
concludes that rights holders currently benefit from several cumulative layers
of protection, "copyright, technological protection, legal protection of the
technological measures, and contract law" (p. 63). Claire Elizabeth Craig has
produced a more focused study on the impact of e-books on the US library
system. She uses the arrest of the Russian programmer Dmitry Skylarov under the
DCMA for developing software that circumvented digital-rights management (DRM)
restraints built into proprietary e-book reader software as the basis of a
study of the use of e-books in US libraries. She argues for a better balance
between the needs of rights holders and readers, concluding that, unless this
can be achieved, the e-book market has "no real prospect of ever expanding
beyond an esoteric niche market" (p. 1113).
Craig C.E. (2003). "'Lending' institutions: The impact of the
e-book on the American library system." University of Illinois Law
Review, 2003(4): 1087-1113. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://home.law.uiuc.edu/lrev/publications/2000s/2003/2003_4/craig.pdf
Fernandez-Molina, J.C. (2003). "Laws against the circumvention
of copyright technological protection." Journal of Documentation,
59(1), 41-68.
Changes in UK legal deposit law
The UK Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 received Royal Assent on 31
October 2003. This legislation, resulting from a Private Members Bill
introduced by Chris Mole MP, enshrines the general principle that electronic
publications and other non-print materials should be subject to legal deposit.
The Act allows for secondary legislation to be approved by the UK Parliament
that will ensure that such publications can be included within the legal
deposit system.
United Kingdom. Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003. 2003
Ch. 28. London: The Stationery Office. ISBN 0-10-542803-5. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from:
http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/20030028.htm
British Library. (2003). "Historic change in Legal Deposit Law
saves electronic publications for future generations - Bill to extend legal
deposit to UK non-print materials receives Royal Assent" [press-release].
London: British Library Press & Public Relations, 31 October 2003.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.bl.uk/cgi-bin/press.cgi?story=1382
Final versions of JISC reports
The Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) has now published the
final versions of reports into the preservation of e-prints and e-journals:
James, H., Ruusalepp, R., Anderson, S., & Pinfield, S.
(2003). Feasibility and requirements study on preservation of
e-prints. London: Joint Information Systems Committee, 29 October 2003.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/e-prints_report_final.pdf
Jones, M. (2003). Archiving e-journals consultancy: final
report. London: Joint Information Systems Committee, October 2003.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/ejournalsfinal.pdf
Open-access journals
The publication in October 2003 of the first issue of the Public Library
of Science's first 'open access' journal PLoS Biology (retrieved
February 24, 2004, from: http://www.plosbiology.org/) has
generated much comment on the open access publishing model for scholarly and
scientific journals. The basis of the open access model is that journal content
is made freely available to end-users while production and review costs are
covered in other ways, e.g. by charges levied on authors. The ultimate success
of the open access business model will depend upon the willingness of those who
fund research to pay for publication 'up-front.' Some funding organisations are
now beginning to take note of this. In early October 2003, the Wellcome Trust -
a UK charity that supports medical research - issued a position statement that
supported "open and unrestricted access to the published outputs of research"
and said that it was prepared to meet the cost of publication charges. Later
the same month, an international group of research funding organisations -
including the Deutsche Forchungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, and the French Centre national de la
recherche scientifique (CNRS) - signed the 'Berlin Declaration on Open
Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities,' encouraging grant
recipients to publish their work according to the principles of the open access
paradigm. In December 2003, the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)
endorsed the promotion of "universal access with equal opportunities for all to
scientific knowledge and the creation and dissemination of scientific and
technical information, including open access initiatives for scientific
publishing" (WSIS Declaration of principles, paragraph 28). See section 1.6 (above) for more information on WSIS.
The implications of open access publishing for preservation and
long-term access have yet to be fully understood. That said, BioMed Central -
one of the commercial pioneers of the open access approach - has made some
efforts to address preservation concerns by making an agreement with the
National Library of the Netherlands (KB) for it to act as an "official archival
agent" for the publisher. The library is committed to updating the archive as
technology changes, thus facilitating what the press-release calls "open access
in perpetuity." BioMed Central conceives of the KB's archive as being part of
an interim service system in the event of a disaster, or as a means of
maintaining open access if the publisher (or its successors) no longer make the
journals available.
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences
and Humanities. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html
Wellcome Trust position statement in support of open access
publishing. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/1/awtvispolpub.html
BioMed Central. (2003). "National Library of the Netherlands
and BioMed Central agree to open access archive" [press release]. BioMed
Central, 17 September 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/pr-releases?pr=20030917
Other publications
Chang, S. -H. (2003). "Institutional repositories: the library's new
role" [editorial]. OCLC Systems & Services, 19(3), 77-79.
Falk, H. (2003). "Digital archive developments." The Electronic
Library, 21(4), 375-379.
Gadd, E., Oppenheim, C., & Probets (2003). "RoMEO studies 2: how
academics want to protect their open-access research papers." Journal of
Information Science, 29(5), 333-356.
Shearer, M. K. (2003). "Institutional repositories: towards the
identification of critical success factors." Canadian Journal of
Information and Library Science = Revue Canadienne des Sciences de
l'Information et de Bibliotheconomie, 27(3), 89-108.
The future of digital libraries has been a topic for discussion at
several recent events, including ECDL 2003 (Trondheim, Norway, August 2003) and
the NSF Workshop on Research Directions for Digital Libraries (Chatham, Mass.,
USA, June 2003). In late 2003, the Journal of Academic Librarianship
published three papers outlining visions of future digital libraries from the
Digital Libraries Symposium held at the ALA Midwinter meeting in Philadelphia,
Penn., on the 25th January 2003. The papers, by Deanna Marcum (Library of
Congress), Ann Okerson (Yale University) and Clifford Lynch (Coalition for
Networked Information) cover a wide range of issues, e.g. the building and
long-term maintenance of digital content, copyright, changes in scholarly
communication, etc.
A draft report from the NSF workshop on research directions for digital
libraries is also now available. The workshop was convened to look at
requirements following the two-phase Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) and
other research programmes. The draft report recommends continued funding of
research (including some into the 'long-term availability' of resources) as
well as for significant investment into key digital resources and services.
Larsen, R., & Wactlar, H. (2004). Knowledge lost in
information: report of the NSF Workshop on Research Directions for Digital
Libraries, June 15-17, 2003, Chatham, MA [working draft]. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from: http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~dlwkshop/report.pdf
Lynch, C. (2003). "Digital library opportunities." Journal
of Academic Librarianship, 29(5), 286-289.
Marcum, D. (2003). "Requirements for the future digital
library." Journal of Academic Librarianship, 29(5),
276-279.
Okerson, A. (2003). "Asteroids, Moore's Law, and the Star
Alliance." Journal of Academic Librarianship, 29(5),
280-285.
In 2003, Seamus Ross (University of Glasgow and EPRANET) conducted a
review of the work of the Digital Library Transition Team at the National
Library of New Zealand. His report contains recommendations on how the national
library can take forward the development of a digital library service.
Ross, S. (2003). National Library of New Zealand: digital
library development review: final report. Wellington, N.Z.: National
Library of New Zealand (Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa), July 2003. 88 pp. ISBN
0-477-02797-0. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.natlib.govt.nz/files/ross_report.pdf
Abrams, S. L., & Rosenblum, B. (2003). "XML for e-journal archiving"
OCLC Systems & Services, 19(4), 155-161.
In a special journal issue on 'XML and e-journals,' Abrams and
Rosenblum report on a study undertaken by Harvard University Library as part of
the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation's E-journal Archiving Project, including the
development of an XML DTD for the archival interchange of
articles.
Bishoff, L., & Allen, N. (2004). Business planning for cultural
heritage organisations. Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and
Information Resources. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub124abst.html
Borghoff, U. M., Rödig, P., Scheffczyk, J., & Schmitz, L.
(2003). Langzeitarchivierung: Methoden zur Erhaltung digitaler
Dokumente. Heidelberg: dpunkt.verlag. xv, 283 pp. ISBN 3-89864-245-3. More
details from dpunkt.verlag Web site, retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.dpunkt.de/buch/3-89864-245-3.html
The first part of the book consists of a methodological
overview that introduces archiving models (e.g., the OAIS Reference Model, the
NEDLIB project's DSEP model), emulation, migration, documentation, and some
standard formats. The second part looks in more detail at selected initiatives
and projects, concentrating on markup, metadata, and preservation strategies
(migration and emulation). The authors are all based at the Institute for
Software Technology of the University of the Federal Armed Forces,
Munich.
Byers, F. R. (2003). Care and handling of CDs and DVDs: a guide for
librarians and archivists. Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and
Information Resources; National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub121abst.html
Cain, M. (2003). "Being a library of record in a digital age."
Journal of Academic Librarianship, 29(6), 405-410.
Cornell University Library. (2003). Digital preservation management:
implementing short-term strategies for long-term problems [online
tutorial]. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Library, 2003. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from:
http://www.library.cornell.edu/iris/tutorial/dpm/index.html
Depocas, A., Ippolito, J., & Jones, C., eds. (2003). The
variable media approach: permanence through change. New York: Solomon R.
Guggenheim Foundation; Montreal: Daniel Langlois Foundation for Art, Science,
and Technology, 2003. 137 pp. ISBN 0-9684693-2-9. Retrieved February 24, 2004,
from: http://www.variablemedia.net/pdf/Permanence.pdf
DFG-Arbeitsgruppe 'Informationsmanagement der Archive.' (2004). Die
deutschen Archive in der Informationsgesellschaft - Standortbestimmung und
Perspecktiven." Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und
Bibliographie, 51(1), 17-27. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://zfbb.thulb.uni-jena.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-131/j04-h1-ber-1.pdf
A paper (in German) on preservation and the information society
in Germany, compiled by a German Research Foundation (DFG) working group on
'Information Management of Archives,'
Digital Preservation Testbed. (2003). Emulation: context and current
status. Den Haag: Digital Preservation Testbed White Paper, October 2003.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.digitaleduurzaamheid.nl/bibliotheek/docs/white_paper_emulatie_EN.pdf
Jantz, R. (2003). "Public opinion polls and digital preservation: an
application of the Fedora Digital Object Repository System." D-Lib
Magazine, 9(11), November 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november03/jantz/11jantz.html
Lazinger, S., Negin, B., & Berman, Y. (2002). "Preservation of
electronic records in Israeli government offices." Journal of Government
Information, 29(5), 319-331.
Mathieson, S.A. (2003). "Libraries embrace digital age." The
Guardian, 28 January 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://society.guardian.co.uk/e-public/story/0,13927,1132475,00.html
Müller, E., Klosa, U., Andersson, S., & Hansson, P. (2003).
"The DiVA project - development of an electronic publishing system." D-Lib
Magazine, 9(11), November 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november03/muller/11muller.html
Murray-Rust, P., & Rzepa, H. S. (2003). "XML for scientific
publishing." OCLC Systems & Services, 19(4), 162-169.
An article that looks at the potential uses of XML in
scientific publishing while noting that take-up so far has been relatively
limited.
Pennavaria, K. (2003). "Nonprint media preservation: a guide to
resources on the Web." C&RL News, 64(8), September 2003. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2003/september8/nonprintmedia.htm
Renear, A., & Dubin, D. (2003). "Towards identity conditions for
digital documents," DC-2003: 2003 Dublin Core Conference: Supporting
Communities of Discourse and Practice - Metadata Research and Applications,
Seattle, Wa., USA, 28 September - 2 October 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004,
from: http://www.siderean.com/dc2003/503_Paper71.pdf
In a paper presented at the 2003 Dublin Core Conference, Allen
Renear and David Dubin describe recent work in determining identity conditions
for digital documents represented in markup. They illustrate some of the
problems encountered in comparing documents at too low a level of abstraction,
e.g. in using comparisons of bitstream, character stream or canonical
serializations of data structure as methods to determine identity between
documents. They propose a solution through use of XML semantics to represent
and compare documents for identity. The approach has implications for the
comparison of documents preserved through migration.
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Social Sciences Council.
(2003). Networked data services: towards a future data infrastructure for
the social sciences in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands
Academy of Arts and Sciences, September 2003. ISBN 90-6984-399-4. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.knaw.nl/publicaties/pdf/20031077.pdf
This report by the Social Sciences Council of the Royal
Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) calls for better access to
social science data in the Netherlands. It proposes a new infrastructure based
on a network comprising a national centre for data services (mandated by the
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and KNAW) with separate
'topical expertise centres' based at research institutes.
Stiegler, B., Fingerhut, M., & Donin, N. (2003). "The IRCAM Digital
Sound Archive in context." DigiCULT.Info, 6, 19-22, December 2003. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/dc_info_issue6_december_20031.pdf
US National Coordination Office for Information Technology Research and
Development. (2003). Supplement to the President's Budget for FY2004.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from: http://www.itrd.gov/pubs/blue04/
This 'Blue Book,' a supplement to the US President's FY2004
Budget produced by the National Coordination Office for Information Technology
Research and Development (NITRD), gives an overview of future research
priorities for the US federal government and its research agencies (NSF, DARPA,
NASA, etc). Preservation and access are given prominence in the program
component areas, "which focus on fundamental, long-term research in computing
and networking technologies" (p.3).
Vitiello, G. (2004). "Identifiers and identification systems: an
informational look at policies and roles from a library perspective." D-Lib
Magazine, 10(1), January 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january04/vitiello/01vitiello.html
Digital Objects Repository Management Forum, Sydney
Presentations and other material from the Digital Objects Repository
Management Forum 'Information Infrastructure: Backing Australia's Ability' held
in Sydney, Australia, 19-30 May 2003 are now available from the University of
Sydney Web site. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/dest/forum.html
European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL 2003)
Some new conference reports of ECDL 2003, held in Trondheim, Norway on
17-22 August 2003, are now available:
Huxley, L. (2003). "ECDL2003: conference notes."
Ariadne, 37, October 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue37/ecdl2003-rpt/
Day, M. (2003). "Report on ECDL 2003." UKOLN, University of
Bath, November 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/publications/events/ecdl2003/
Day, M. (2003). "3rd ECDL Workshop on Web Archiving."
Ariadne, 37, October 2003. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue37/ecdl-web-archiving-rpt/
The Future of Digital Memory and Cultural Heritage, Florence
Some of the presentations from the The Future of Digital Memory and
Cultural Heritage held in Florence, Italy on the 16-17 October 2003 are now
available on the conference Web site, retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/memorie_digitali/
At the conference, Alessandro Ruggiero presented six case studies of the
preservation or rescue of digital data that had been at risk. These included
the 1960 US Census, the Combat Air Activities File (both NARA), the Database of
the Consorzio Neapolis, BBC Domesday, the "Kaderdatenspeicher" of the German
Democratic Republic, and the Web site of the city of Antwerp. The case studies
reveal the high cost of rescue strategies and some of the risks involved. The
recovery of the Neapolis database (created in 1987-89 to combine map data with
archaeological monuments, discoveries, etc. from Pompeii), for example, took
two years to recover at a cost of around 200,000 euros. Also, it was dependent
on the continued availability of certain hardware (a mainframe with tape drive)
and expertise. The continued availability of hardware was also a significant
factor in some of the other cases, e.g. for recovering the 1960 US Census
(UNIVAC II-A tape units) and for emulating the BBC Domesday Project. The
Firenze Agenda was also published in issue 6 of
DigiCULT.Info.
Ruggiero, A., ed. (2003). Conservazione delle memorie
digitali: rischi ed emergenze: sei casi di studio = Preservation of digital
memory: risks and emergencies: six case studies. 'The Future of Digital
Memory and Cultural Heritage,' Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, Italy, 16-17 October
2003 (48 pp.).
"The Firenze Agenda (17 October 2003)." Retrieved February 24,
2004, from:
http://www.minervaeurope.org/structure/nrg/documents/firenzeagenda031017draft.htm
Agenda di Firenze. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.iccu.sbn.it/PDF/Firenze-agenda-17-Oct_ITAL.pdf
6th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL
2003)
A brief report on the 6th International Conference on Asian Digital
Libraries (ICADL 2003), held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 8-11 December 2003,
appeared in the January 2004 issue of D-Lib Magazine.
Cunningham, S. J. (2004). "Report on the 6th International
Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL 2003), 8 - 11 December 2003, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia", D-Lib Magazine, 10(1), January 2004. Retrieved
February 24, 2004 from:
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january04/cunningham/01cunningham.html
ERPANET events
Briefing papers and presentations are available for some recent ERPANET
events:
- ERPANET workshop on the Long-term Preservation of Databases, Berne,
Switzerland, 9-11 April 2003. The briefing paper (PDF), presentations, and
final report (PDF) are available from the ERPANET Web site. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from: http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/bern/bern.htm
- ERPANET training seminar Metadata in Digital Preservation, Marburg,
Germany, 3-5 September 2003. The briefing paper (PDF), presentations, final
report, and other material are available from the ERPANET Web site. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/marburg/marburg.htm
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei and ERPANET workshop on Trusted
Repositories for Preserving Cultural Heritage, Rome, Italy, 17-19 November
2003. The briefing paper (PDF) and selected presentations are available from
the ERPANET Web site. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/rome/rome.htm
- ERPANET and CODATA workshop on the Selection, Appraisal, and
Retention of Digital Scientific Data, Lisbon, Portugal, 15-17 December 2003.
The briefing paper (PDF) and selected presentations are available from the
ERPANET Web site. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/www/products/lisbon/lisbon.htm
RLG Members' Forum on Metadata and Institutional Repositories
Presentations from the RLG Members' Forum 'To Have and to Hold: Metadata
and Institutional Repositories' (held at Washington, D.C. and Chicago, Ill. in
December 2003) are available from the RLG Web site. Retrieved February 24,
2004, from: http://www.rlg.org/events/haveandhold2003/index.html
March:
Preservation and Access for Electronic College and University Records
(ECURE 2004), Tempe, Arizona, USA, 1-3 March 2004. Retrieved February 24,
2004, from: http://www.asu.edu/it/events/ecure/
10th Global Grid Forum, Berlin, Germany, 9-13 March 2004.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from: http://www.gridforum.org/
Preserving the Knowledge Base of Science, ALPSP (Association of
Learned and Professional Society Publishers) Seminar, London, 17 March
2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.alpsp.org/events/s170304.htm
2004 International Conference on Digital Archive Technologies (ICDAT
2004), Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan), 18-19 March 2004. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from: http://www.iis.sinica.edu.tw/ICDAT04/
Museums and the Web 2004, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 31 March - 3 April
2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.archimuse.com/mw2004/
April:
Long-Term Stewardship of Globally Distributed Storage: 12th NASA
Goddard, 21st IEEE Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies
(MSST04), College Park, Maryland, USA, 13-16 April 2004. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from: http://storageconference.org/2004/
Audit and Certification in Digital Preservation, ERPANET Workshop,
Antwerp, Belgium, 14-16 April 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/
Archival Perspectives in Digital Preservation, Society of American
Archivists professional education offering (Instructor: Paul Conway, Duke
University Libraries), New York, USA, 15-16 April 2004. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from:
http://www.archivists.org/prof-education/workshop-detail.asp?id=932
IS&T Archiving Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 20-23 April
2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.imaging.org/conferences/archiving2004/
May:
File Formats for Preservation, ERPANET Training Seminar, Vienna,
Austria, 10-11 May 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.erpanet.org/
13th International World Wide Web Conference, New York, USA, 17-22 May
2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from: http://www2004.org/
Data Futures: Building on 30 Years of Advocacy, International
Association for Social Science Information Service and Technology Annual
Conference 2004 (IASSIST 2004), Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 25-28 May 2004.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://dpls.dacc.wisc.edu/iassist2004/
Accountability and Ethics in the Archival Sphere, Association of
Canadian Archivists 2004 Annual Conference, Montréal, Québec,
17-29 May 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://archivists.ca/conference/
June:
Distributing Knowledge Worldwide Through Better Scholarly
Communication, 7th International Symposium on Electronic Theses and
Dissertations (ETD 2004), Lexington, Kentucky, USA, 3-5 June 2004.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from: http://www.uky.edu/ETD/ETD2004/
13th IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Distributed
Computing (HPDC-13), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 4-6 June 2004. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from: http://hpdc13.cs.ucsb.edu/
Global Reach and Diverse Impact, Joint Conference on Digital Libraries
(JDCL 2004), Tuscon, Arizona, USA, 7-11 June 2004. Retrieved February 24,
2004, from: http://www.jcdl2004.org/
Computing and Multilingual, Multicultural Heritage, Joint
International Conference of the Association for Literary and Linguistic
Computing and the Association for Computers and the Humanities (ALLC/ACH 2004),
Gothenburg, Sweden, 11-16 June 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.hum.gu.se/allcach2004/
Building Digital Bridges: Linking Cultures, Commerce and Science, 8th
Conference on Electronic Publishing (ElPub 2004), Brasilia, Brazil, 23-26 June
2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from: http://www.elpub.net/
Preserving the AudioVisual Heritage - Transition and Access, Joint
Technical Symposium (JTS 2004), Toronto, Canada, 24-26 June 2004. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from: http://www.jts2004.org/
July:
AusWeb04: The Tenth Australian World Wide Web Conference, Gold Coast,
Queensland, Australia, 3-7 July 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://ausweb.scu.edu.au/aw04/conf/
Joint Information Systems Committee/Coalition for Networked
Information Meeting 2004, Brighton, UK, 8-9 July 2004. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/events/jisc-cni-2004/
IADIS e-Society 2004 Conference, Avila, Spain, 16-19 July 2004.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from: http://www.iadis.org/es2004/
August:
Society of American Archivists Annual Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA, 2-8 August 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.archivists.org/conference/index.asp
Libraries: Tools for Education and Development, World Library and
Information Congress: 70th IFLA General Conference and Council, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, 22-27 August 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/
Archives, Memory and Knowledge, International Congress on Archives
2004, Vienna, Austria, 23-29 August 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004,
from: http://www.wien2004.ica.org/fo/index.php
30th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB 2004),
Toronto, Canada, 30 August - 3 September 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004,
from: http://www.vldb04.org/
September:
Digital Resources for the Humanities (DRH-2004), Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
UK, 5-8 September 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.ncl.ac.uk/niassh/drh2004/
European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL 2004), Bath, UK, 12-17
September 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.ecdl2004.org/
October:
Ensuring the Long-Term Preservation and Adding Value to the Scientific
and Technical Data, Frascati, Italy, 5-7 October 2004. Retrieved February
24, 2004, from: http://www.congrex.nl/04a08/
9th International Symposium on Information Science = 9.
Internationales Symposium für Informationswissenschaft (ISI 2004), Chur,
Switzerland, 6-8 October 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.isi2004.ch/
Metadata Across Languages and Cultures, International Conference on
Dublin Core and Metadata Applications 2004 (DC-2004), Shanghai, People's
Republic of China, 11-14 October 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://dc2004.library.sh.cn/english/
November:
The Information Society: New Horizons for Science, 19th CODATA
International Conference, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 November 2004. Retrieved
February 24, 2004, from: http://www.codata.org/04conf/
3rd International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC2004), Hiroshima,
Japan, 7-11 November 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://iswc2004.semanticweb.org/
Archiving Web Resources: Issues for Cultural Heritage Institutions,
National Library of Australia, Canberra, Australia, 9-11 November 2004.
Retrieved February 24, 2004, from:
http://www.nla.gov.au/webarchiving/
Great Technology for Collections, Confluence, and Community, 2004
Museum Computer Network Conference, Minneapolis, Minn., 10-13 November
2004. Retrieved February 24, 2004, from: http://www.mcn.edu/
Managing and Enhancing Information: Cultures and Conflicts, American
Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) Annual Meeting,
Providence, Rhode Island, USA, 13-18 November 2004. Retrieved February 24,
2004, from: http://www.asis.org/Conferences/AM04/
December:
Digital Library? International Collaboration and Cross-Fertilization,
7th International Conference of Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL 2004), Shanghai,
People's Republic of China, 13-17 December 2004. Retrieved February 24,
2004, from: http://icadl2004.sjtu.edu.cn/
A comprehensive and frequently updated list of forthcoming events is
available from the PADI Web site:
http://www.nla.gov.au/padi/format/event.html
Last updated: 26-Feb-2004 Links last checked: 24-Feb-2004
Warning! Web site links tend to have very short lifetimes, as documents
are frequently updated or deleted, Web sites are restructured, domains are
renamed or moved, etc. The compilers of this bulletin, therefore, cannot
guarantee that all of the URLs in this document will successfully resolve to
the resources described here. However, in these cases, try searching for the
same resource on the PADI gateway (http://www.nla.gov.au/padi/), which will
provide updated URLs wherever possible.
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