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Storage

Choice of strategies and methods for holding digital information will determine its future accessibility.

Options for storing digital information include choices of media on which the information is to be stored, and decisions regarding the formats in which it will be stored.

The physical medium on which the information is stored should, ideally, be stable: deterioration can be slowed down by storage under stable environmental conditions. General information about preserving access to information on physical format digital materials is available on the PADI site, as well as more specific information about preserving access to material stored on optical disks and magnetic media.

Strategies such as storing identical material in multiple locations and regularly backing up will provide some protection against loss due to media failure or human error.

While choice of standard storage media can ameliorate the effects of technological obsolescence, inevitably, old storage media will be superseded and migration, or some other preservation strategy will be necessary to preserve access to the material. Similarly, selection of less volatile standard formats will assist in maintaining access and facilitate later migration; however, it must be remembered that in the information technology environment, standards themselves will change.

Whether digital information is stored online, near-line, or off-line will usually depend upon expected retrieval requirements. Little used off-line material may be stored on magnetic tape, while the enhanced accessibility of disk storage may be chosen for high demand online material.

Digital information stored in compressed forms requires less space and thus reduces storage costs. However, when an image is compressed and then uncompressed, the decompressed image is usually not quite the same as the original scanned image: this is called 'lossy compression'. Distortions can be particularly severe for high compression ratios; the degree of loss can usually be determined by adjusting the compression parameters. The use of lossy compression for storing digital material over the long-term is generally not recommended due to the potential for irretrievable information loss on decompression or on migration from one lossy compression to another (see, for example, Lossy or Lossless? File Compression Strategies Discussion at ALA, Robin Dale, RLG DigiNews, 02/99, Vol. 3 No. 1).

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Articles

22nd IEEE - 13th NASA Goddard (MSST2005) Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies. Papers and Presentations
11 - 15 Apr 2005 , Monterey California
IEEE Computer Society
(United States of America)
This website contains the papers from the IEEE Computer Society Mass Storage Systems Technical Committee (MSSTC) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center sponsored conference entitled Emerging Trends in Scalable Storage. Included are tutorials and papers on preservation, file systems and scalability.
http://www.storageconference.org/2005/papers-presentations.html
Proceedings of a conference held 11-15 April, 2005 at the Monterey Marriott and the Monterey Conference Center, Monterey, California
Historical It Always Hurts the First Time: Experiences with Transferred Electronic Records
van Dijk, Marcel In: Cultivate Interactive (Date Created: Feb 2003) (Netherlands)
This case study notes the problems of transferring electronic records to the Amsterdam Public Record Office from a government agency. The study covers issues such as project planning, metadata, various file formats such as e-mails and text files.
http://www.cultivate-int.org/issue9/amsterdammro/
Historical Applying the Lessons Learned from Retrospective Archiving to the Digital Archiving Conundrum
Heterick, Bruce (Date Created: 2002) (United States of America)
Since 1995 JSTOR has been converting back issues of paper journals into electronic formats. This article provides an overview of the activities of JSTOR in creating an archive of scholarly journals. Included in the piece is a summary of JSTOR’s mission; an explanation of who contributes and uses the archive; a discussion of principles considered fundamental to digital preservation; and a description of five main challenges in archiving electronic content (rights and responsibilities, content, functionality, migration and business model).
http://iospress.metapress.com/content/1wfdrr1waf8ddax8/
Available in Information Services & Use, Vol 22, Issue 2/3, 2002, pp. 113-120, ISSN 0167-5265
Audio Archiving for 100 Years & Longer : Once We Decide What to Save, How Should We Do It?
Gladney, Henry (Date Created: Jul 2001)
Gladney's 10 page letter to the editor of the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society places the issues of audio preservation within the frame and concerns of digital preservation generally. It also provides a critique of current digital preservation approaches. He argues that low cost technology has encouraged the use of digital systems for audio by many libraries and archives but that little attention has been paid to the long term preservation of audio documents. These "incompletely solved challenges", he further states, avail themselves of technical solutions, but that the greatest issues will be economic and political.
http://www.aes.org/journal/suppmat/gladney_2001_7.pdf
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 49, no. 7/8, July/August 2001
Building a Digital Preservation Archive: Tales From the Front
Caplan, Priscilla (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United States of America)
This article concentrates on the development of a digital archive by the Florida Centre for Library Automation (FCLA). The FCLA supports the libraries of public universities in Florida and initiated the FCLA digital archive (FDA) as a means of assisting such libraries in the preservation of digital collections. At the time of writing (2004) the FDA had been under development for about a year, and the author describes the background and different stages of the project, provides an overview of the archive’s functional design and highlights how action plans and preservation strategies have had to be modified since the initial stages of the project.
10.1108/03055720410530988
http://ninetta.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410530988
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 38-42, ISSN 0305-5278 (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One).
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Counting the Costs of Digital Preservation : is Repository Storage Affordable?
Chapman, Stephen In: Journal of Digital Information (Date Created: 07 May 2003) (United States of America)
This article examines pricing associated with repository storage through a comparison of the billable storage rates for analog formats at the Harvard University Library’s to digital formats at the Online Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC). Two case studies are used to identify the relationship between content and medium, as well as integrity and risk management for both textual and photographic formats.
http://journals.tdl.org/jodi/article/view/jodi-113/99
Historical DARE : A New Age in Academic Information Provision in the Netherlands
Van der Vaart, Lilian (Date Created: 01 Jul 2003) (Netherlands)
The DARE programme (Digital Academic Repositories), which runs from 2003-2006, was instigated in the Netherlands as a joint programme between all Dutch Universities, the National Library of the Netherlands, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research. The aim of DARE, is to “ enable universities to better fulfil their own role and responsibility in the preservation and accessibility of the academic information produced in their own institute.” This paper describes the processes and developments of the first stage of the programme (up to June 2003).
http://www.surffoundation.nl/download/Paper_EUNIS_2003.pdf
This paper was given at the 9th International Conference of European University Information Systems (EUNIS) in Amsterdam, 4 July, 2003
Dawning of the Dutch Network of Digital Academic REpositories (DARE) : a Shared Experience
Feijen, Martin; van der Kuil, Annemiek In: Ariadne (Date Created: Oct 2004) (Netherlands)
This article describes the first year of the DARE project. The Project was initiated to preserve and provide access to the results of Dutch academic research from a range of institutions. This article covers the infrastructure, implementation, the data and service models, lessons learned and future plans of the project.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue41/vanderkuil/
Developing a Digital Preservation Strategy at Edinburgh University Library
Semple, Najla (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United Kingdom)
This article concentrates on a digital preservation pilot project developed at the Edinburgh University Library. It not only provides the background to the project, but includes descriptions of preservation metadata schema, the main features of the Library’s OAIS -based pilot archive, its integration of the METS standard, as well as plans for merging both METS and OAIS into the Library’s new digital object management system.
http://oberon.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410530979
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 33-37, ISSN 0305-5278 (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One).
On DigiPaper and the Dissemination of Electronic Documents
Huttenlocher, Dan; Moll, Angela In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jan 2000)
DigiPaper enables documents to be disseminated with the formatting fixed in place, as intended by the creator. It is a new image-based document representation which combines the compression technologies of Mixed Raster Content (MRC) color image model and token-compression to achieve much smaller files than current image formats.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january00/moll/01moll.html
In D-Lib Magazine, Vol 6, No. 1
Digital Black Hole
Palm, Jonas (Date Created: Apr 2006) (Sweden)
This article was published as part of the Training for Audiovisual Preservation in Europe (TAPE) programme. The article presents an analysis of costs for digitizing and long-term storage at the Riksarkivet (National Archives, RA) in Stockholm, Sweden.
http://www.tape-online.net/docs/Palm_Black_Hole.pdf
Digital Curation: Should we be Prepared to Face a Future Without Digital Curation?
Burnhill, Peter (Date Created: 2004) (United Kingdom)
This article focuses on the Digital Curation Centre (DCC) in the UK. The main aim of the DCC is to support UK institutions to actively manage, as well as to store and preserve digital data for long-term access. Included in the article is an critical examination of issues regarding scholarly data, description of the key objectives of the centre and an overview of the DCC’s main research priorities.
http://www.researchinformation.info/rimayjun04digitalcuration.html
Available in Research Information, May/June 2004, Issue 11
Digital Durability at the KB: Digital Archiving and Development of 'Permanent Access Technology'
Bellekom, Chris ; van Wijngaarden, Hilde (Date Created: 2003) (Netherlands)
Outlines the requirements for 'permanent access technology' at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (National Library of the Netherlands), their effort to build an e-Depot, as well as their approach to long-term preservation of image-formats employing the Universal Virtual Computer.
http://www.informatieprofessional.nl/
Informatie Professional - 7(2003)11; p. 32-35, ISSN 1385-5328
Digital Preservation in Practice: The e-Depot at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek
Oltmans, Erik; van Wijngaarden, Hilde (Date Created: Jan 2004) (Netherlands)
This article describes the Koninklijke Bibliotheek’s (KB – Netherlands’ National Library) partnership with IBM in relation to the long-term preservation of digital materials. Both parties have developed a standard-based deposit system called the e-Depot. This article not only provides an overview of the main functions of the e-Depot, but describes further developments by the KB/IBM team, including a preservation manager for the storage and use of technical metadata within the e-Deport and an access tool, the Universal Virtual Computer (UVC).
http://ninetta.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentTy
pe=Article&contentId=862527
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 21-26, ISSN 0305-5728 (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One).
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Digital Video Preservation Reformatting Project : a Report
Media Matters (Date Created: Jun 2004)
This report was undertaken on behalf of the Dance Heritage Coalition and funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. It is intended that the results of this research will be used as the basis of a nationally-accepted model, providing a technical foundation to those engaged in dance documentation and preservation, as well as others who use videotape to document their experiences and research. The report describes some of the problems with lossy compression compared to the viability of JPEG 2000 compression as a lossless alternative. Also discussed is the concept of 'file wrappers' by audiovisual digital media which combines video files, audio files, and metadata into a single, unified format. A chief goal of this report was to endorse a specific file format to use for the preservation of dance material. The report concludes by recommending the file format Material Exchange Format (MXF) container format. The report also recommends use of JPEG 2000 compression, as it serves preservation needs and is affordable to implement.
http://www.danceheritage.org/preservation/Digital_Video_Preservation_R
eport.doc
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Digitizing the World's Largest Collection of Natural Sounds : Key Factors to Consider when Transferring Analog-Based Audio Materials to Digital Formats
Grotke, Robert W In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Feb 2004) (United States of America)
This article provides an overview of the steps undertaken by the Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds at Cornell University (USA) in converting its analog tape-based sound collection to digital storage. The article describes the Library's choices regarding digital media and data format selection, quality standards for data creation, monitoring of the archive and long-term storage.
http://www.rlg.org/en/page.php?Page_ID=13201#article0
Directory of Digital Preservation Repositories and Serivces in the UK : 2nd ed.
Simpson, Duncan (Date Created: Jun 2005) (United Kingdom)
This is an updated version of the Directory first issued in 2004. It is a listing of predominately UK resources that provide services in digital storage and preservation. It includes public and not for profit resources and resources from the private sector. The type of resources include archives such as the UK Web Archiving Consortium, data services such as AHDS (Arts and Humanities Data Service), support services and consultancies. The entry for each resource includes location, scope of the service, volume and type of material held, and contact details.
http://www.dpconline.org/docs/guides/directory.pdf
Directory of Digital Preservation Repositories and Services in the UK
Simpson, Duncan (Date Created: Jun 2005) (United Kingdom)
This directory is a listing of predominately UK resources that provide services in digital storage and preservation. It includes public and not for profit resources and resources from the private sector. The type of resources include archives such as the UK Web Archiving Consortium, data services such as AHDS (Arts and Humanities Data Service), support services and consultancies. The entry for each resource includes location, scope of the service, volume and type of material held, and contact details.
http://www.dpconline.org/docs/guides/directory.pdf
2nd edition
Editors' Interview with Victoria Reich, Director, LOCKSS Program
Research Libraries Group In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Feb 2006)
Vicki Reich is interviewed about LOCKSS, including the new initiative CLOCKSS and other recent developments.
http://www.rlg.org/en/page.php?Page_ID=20894#article0
Historical ePrints UK : Developing a National E-Prints Archive
Martin, Ruth In: Ariadne (Date Created: 2003) (United Kingdom)
ePrints UK is a two year project which aims to provide the higher and further education sector access to and preservation of the e-print papers available from compliant open archive repositories. This paper provides a brief overview of the ePrints UK project, including technical issues such as database development and SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) interfaces and non technical issues such as intellectual property rights and insufficient repositories from which to harvest records.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue35/martin
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Historical EVA : The Acquisition and Archiving of Electronic Network Publications In Finland
Lounamaa, Kirsti; Salonharju, Inkeri In: Tietolinja News (Date Created: 15 Jan 1999) (Finland)
This article presents the current status of a project to capture and preserve electronic documents published in the Finnish Internet. The article describes the policy used to select the material to be included in the collection, the capturing process, the storage technology and accessing method. Electronic documents are not yet a part of the Legal Deposit in Finland, but the revision of the Act is going on and the aim is to also preserve electronic publications for the coming generations.
http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/tietolinja/0199/evaart.html
Tietolinja News 1/1999
Fresh Look at the Reliability of Long-Term Digital Storage
Baker, Mary ; Bungale, Prashanth ; Giuli, T.J.; Maniatis, Petros ; Rosenthal, David S. H. ; Roussopoulos, Mema ; Shah, Mehul (Date Created: Aug 2005)
This paper examines the threats to the long term storage of digital information. The authors developed a reliability model that incorporates a wide range of possible threats. This model is used to illustrate that the most important strategies for increasing the reliability of long-term storage are "detecting latent faults quickly, automating fault repair to make it faster and cheaper, and increasing the independence of data replicas."
http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0508130
How Should You Store Your Digital Data
TASI (Date Created: May 2006)
This document, in the form of FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions), addresses the issues in the storage of digital image data.
http://www.tasi.ac.uk/advice/delivering/storage.html
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Implementing an Open Jurisdictional Digital Repository - the STORS Project
Lavelle, Jan; Sokvitne, Lloyd In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jun 2004) (Australia)
Operating within the legal deposit provisions of Tasmania, this article describes the State Library of Tasmania’s (Australia) development and implementation of an open jurisdictional digital repository for published electronic materials - the Stable Tasmanian Open Repository Service (STORS). Included in the paper is an overview of the publisher self-contribution model; a description of the content and format scope of STORS; explanations on metadata structure, risk management issues and software developments; as well as future considerations for STORS, including additional preservation data.
10.1045/june2004-sokvitne
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june04/sokvitne/06sokvitne.html
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Institutional Repositories in the Context of Digital Preservation
Wheatley, Paul (Date Created: Mar 2004)
This report focuses on the crucial digital preservation issues for institutional repositories, with view on implications on the design and development of repository software. The repository software of various institutions are compared and analysed as well as their different objectives regarding long-term preservation of data and/or collection policy. In addition, the requirements for effective preservation are outlined, including the preservation functions essential in a repository such as persistent identification, object characterisation, and support of object rendering. The report concludes with recommendations that specific requirements for digital repositories should be developed and that independent certification services ought to be established to evaluate how repositories meet these requirements.
http://www.dpconline.org/docs/DPCTWf4word.pdf
DPC Technology Watch Series Report, 04-02
Historical Institutional Repositories: Essential Infrastructure For Scholarship In The Digital Age
Lynch, Clifford A. (Date Created: Feb 2003) (United States of America)
In this article, the author addresses the strategic role of institutional repositories in universities as a means for advancing scholarship and preservation of scholarly works. Citing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT) development of the DSpace institutional repository system as a model for universities for the future, the author also seeks to define institutional repositories; looks at their strategic importance for scholarship and higher education; addresses their relationship with networked information standards and infrastructure such as persistent identifiers, preservable file formats and rights documentation; and provides his views for future developments in this field.
http://www.arl.org/resources/pubs/br/br226/
In ARL Bimonthly Report, no. 226, February 2003, pp. 1-10
Historical Invest to Save: Report and Recommendations of the NSF-DELOS Working Group on Digital Archiving and Preservation
Hedstrom, Margaret; Ross, Seamus (Date Created: 2003)
This report identifies research challenges, development opportunities and solutions for problems associated with the preservation of digital information. Consisting of six main areas, the report presents digital preservation challenges; looks at the benefits of long-term preservation; summarises a set of principles and assumptions to guide the research agenda; highlights the work to date within this field; discusses a research agenda, including emerging research; and addresses the need for additional areas of support.
http://eprints.erpanet.org/archive/00000048/01/Digitalarchiving.pdf
IPI Media Storage Quick Reference
Image Permanence Institute (Date Created: 2004)
This brief guide examines relative humidity (RH), temperature and air quality as storage issues for various media including CDs, DVDs, audio and video tape. Most of the information is in interactive tables so it is a good source of ready reference information.
http://www.climatenotebook.org/MSQR/MSQR_home.html
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Large Scale Archival Storage of Digital Objects
Linden, Jim; Martin, Sean; Masters, Richard; Parker, Roderic (Date Created: Feb 2005) (United Kingdom)
This report on mass archival storage was based on the practical experience in developing the Digital Object Management system in the British Library. The authors are part of the British Library's Digital Object Management (DOM) Programme. The report includes an overview of general issues related to building a large secure data storage system, including storage management, emerging technologies and software. Although based on the British Library's experience, many of the issues discussed are applicable to any institution planning or engaged in secure long-term storage of large volumes of digital materials.
http://www.dpconline.org/docs/dpctw04-03.pdf
DPC Technology Watch series report 04-03
Historical Levels of Service for Digital Repositories
LeFurgy, William G In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: May 2002)
In this article, William LeFurgy of the US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) outlines conditions governing persistence of digital objects, such as system architecture and material specification, and suggests a model for future levels of service for digital repositories, considering three levels of tools and processes and three levels of persistence of materials.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may02/lefurgy/05lefurgy.html
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Historical LOCKSS : a Permanent Web Publishing and Access System
Reich, Vicky In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jun 2001)
A paper describing the implementation of the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) tool to facilitate continued access and preservation of web-published scientific journals. LOCKSS utilizes web caches to collect content as published across a peer-to-peer network and uses detect and repair facilities to monitor damage.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june01/reich/06reich.html
Long-Term Preservation of Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Liegmann, Hans (Date Created: 2003) (Germany)
This paper describes Die Deutsche Bibliotek's voluntary deposit system for ETDs (electronic theses and dissertations) using NEDLIB's process model and incorporating the Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS). Issues discussed include preservation metadata, submission and transfer processes for ETDs and trusted digital repositories.
http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/etd2003/liegmann-hans/HTML/index.html
Historical Lossy or Lossless? File Compression Strategies Discussion at ALA
Dale, Robin In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Feb 1999)
This 'technical feature' summarises discussions which took place at the American Library Association midwinter meeting in Philadelphia about lossy versus lossless file compression techniques. Six practitioners: Carl Fleischhauer, Louis Sharpe, III, Howard Besser, Peter Hirtle, Joy Paulson and Steven Puglia give their opinions on factors which affect the decision to use different compression techniques.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp?fileid=0000070519
:000006287498&reqid=15167#technical1
Mitigating Risk of Data Loss in Preservation Environments
Chadduck, Robert ; JaJa, Joseph F. ; Moore, Reagan W. (Date Created: Apr 2005) (United States of America)
This paper describes approaches to minimise the risk of data loss and to preserve authenticity and integrity within a preservation environment. It describes Grid Bricks and Data Grids and uses the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) research prototype persistent archive as an example of how they are used.
http://www.storageconference.org/2005/papers/04_moorer_risk.pdf
National Archive of Datasets
Darlington, Jeffrey In: Ariadne (Date Created: 30 Apr 2004) (United Kingdom)
The National Archives (United Kingdom) has built a national collection of datasets titled National Digital Archive of Datasets (NDAD) with intention to preserve it permanently. Datasets are safe-kept on a high-capacity automated tape library system. Each dataset is stored in a simple linear format based on open standards with forward migration of standards assured. More complex historic datasets were converted to the NDAD standard preservation format.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/ndad/
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Historical National Archives Green Paper : An Approach to the Preservation of Digital Records
Davis, Simon; Heslop, Helen; Wilson, Andrew (Date Created: Dec 2002) (Australia)
This paper discusses the National Archives approach to digital preservation, specifically in relation to the Agency to Researcher Digital Preservation Project. Areas covered include the fundamental nature of digital records, problems of digital preservation, approaches to preservation such as migration and emulation and XML as an archival data format.
Available as PDF from this URL
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nestor : Network of Expertise in Long-term STOrage of Digital Resources - a Digital Preservation Initiative for Germany
Dobratz, Susanne; Neuroth, Heike In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Apr 2004) (Germany)
Known as nestor, the German Network of Expertise in Long-term STOrage of Digital Resources is a cooperative digital preservation venture formed in 2003 between 6 participating institutions in Germany. Led by the Deutsche Bibliothek, the network is in the initial phase of a 3-year funded project which will see it operate on a permanent distributed infrastructure model comparable to the UK’s Digital Preservation Coalition. This article outlines the background to, and aims of the initiative. Expert reports are under preparation by project partners on areas such as the long-term preservation of multimedia objects, national preservation policy, archiving of research data, and the preservation of digitised material in German museums.
10.1045/april2004-dobratz
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april04/dobratz/04dobratz.html
Now that it's all digital, where do I put it? Exploring data storage technologies
Breeding, Marshall (Date Created: Dec 2004) (United States of America)
This article covers various storage options, including optical storage, networked based storage and large-capacity external drives that connect through USB or Fire Wire.
http://www.librarytechnology.org/ltg-displaytext.pl?RC=11184
Computers in Libraries, ISSN 1041-7915, vol.24, no. 24, Nov/Dec 2004, pp. 36-39
Off-site Storage: an Analysis
Agee, Jim; Naper, Sarah (Date Created: 2007) (United States of America)
This paper discusses PASCAL (Preservation and Access Service Center for Colorado Academic Libraries) a shared collaborative off-site storage facility and the implications for the immediate region and future networked storage systems.
10.1108/01604950710721566
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/01604950710721566
Also available in PDF and in Collection Building ISSN:0160-4953 2007 Vol:26 No.:1 pp: 20-25
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Historical Paradigma Project
van Nuys, Carol In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Apr 2003) (Norway)
Project Paradigma is designed to collect and preserve Norway's digital cultural heritage. The Project began in August 2001 and is scheduled to end in December 2004. Its goals are to develop and establish routines for the selection, collection, description, identification, and storage of all types of digital documents and to give users access to these publications in compliance with the Legal Deposit Act. The article provides an overview of the Project, including selection criteria, legal and technical issues. The article also provides a background of legal deposit in Norway, especially in regard to digital publications.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp?fileid=0000070519
:000006287396&reqid=3826#feature2
Plenty of Room at the Bottom? Personal Digital Libraries and Collections
Beagrie, Neil In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jun 2005)
This article comments on the growth in the amount of digital content produced and stored by individuals and discusses the implications of this for collecting institutions. It surveys recent research and current services for storage and management provided by commercial organisations.
10.1045/june2005-beagrie
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june05/beagrie/06beagrie.html
Historical Political Communications in Web Archiving : a Proposal to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation from the Centre for Research Libraries
Reilly, Bernard F. (Date Created: 26 Jul 2002) (United States of America)
This proposal describes the Center for Research Libraries (CRL) project to develop effective methodologies for the systemic, sustainable preservation of web based political communications. The project covers three main areas of political Web communications archiving- curatorship, technology and long-term resource management. The project has a fifteen month time-frame. Web based political communications has been identified as lacking preservation strategies. Yet this area provides an important source of information about political trends, attitudes and activities.
http://www.library.cornell.edu/iris/research/WebPolCom.pdf
Preservation and Management Strategies for Exceptionally Large Data Formats: 'Big Data'. EH Project No. 3984. Final 1.03.
Austin, Tony; Mitcham, Jenny (Date Created: 28 Sep 2007) (United Kingdom)
This is the final report of a project looking at the preservation and management strategies for large data sets such as those produced in archaeological research including LIDAR, 3D Laser Scanning, Maritime Survey and Digital Video produced during archaeological surveys.Suitability for long term preservation of such data formats is considered.
http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/bigdata/final_report/bigdata_final_repor
t_1.3.pdf
Preservation of Databases
Ashley, Kevin (Date Created: 2004)
This article provides an overview of the underlying concepts as well as issues facing institutions undertaking long term preservation of databases. Specifics of various types of databases such as dynamic and static systems are briefly discussed. Unique issues pertaining to proprietary GIS systems such as the lack of standards in storing data are also canvassed. Two technical approaches to preservation are discussed, XML and emulation.
http://oberon.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410551075
Also available in pdf version and in VINE, Digital Preservation and Libraries, Part Two Vol. 34, no. 2, 2004, pp. 66-70. ISSN 0305-5728
Historical Preservation of the Electronic Assets of a University
Oxford University Computing Services; Reid, T. Alex (Date Created: Sep 1997) (United Kingdom)
This article describes how Oxford University approached the management, storage and preservation of its electronic assets in the mid-1990s.
http://www.lmcp.jussieu.fr/eunis/html3/congres/EUNIS97/papers/052202.h
tml
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Historical Preserving Digital Information : Final Report and Recommendations
Garrett, John (co-chair); Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information; Waters, Donald (chair) (Date Created: 20 May 1996)
This report arose from a decision at the end of 1994 by the Commission on Preservation and Access (CPA) and the Research Libraries Group (RLG) to create a Task Force charged with investigating and recommending means to ensure "continued access indefinitely into the future of records stored in digital electronic form." This was a watershed exercise which generated thoughtful discussion on this topic worldwide.
http://www.oclc.org/programs/ourwork/past/digpresstudy/final-report.pd
f
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PRONOM : a Practical Online Compendium of File Formats
Darlington, Jeffrey In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Oct 2003) (United Kingdom)
PRONOM is a database established by the National Archives (UK) that stores and provides information on file formats and the software applications needed to read them. This article provides an overview of the purpose, content development strategies and future development plans for PRONOM. The latest version, the web-enabled PRONOM 3, is also described.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp?fileid=0000070519
:000006287659&reqid=15674#feature2
Role of format in Digital Preservation
Abrams, Stephen L. (Date Created: 2004)
The author argues that without a thorough understanding of the formats in which digital objects are encoded, long term preservation will be difficult. Within this context, the GDFR (Global Digital Format Registry) and JHOVE (JSTOR/Harvard Object Validation Environment), projects are discussed as examples of services and systems providing support to long term preservation. The development of a GDFR where formats will be available from a central source is explored. JHOVE, a project to automate the identification and validation of file formats, is also discussed.
http://oberon.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410530997
Also available in pdf version and in Vine. Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part Two. Vol. 34, no. 2, 2004. pp. 49-55. ISSN 0305-5728
STORAGE : Ten Year Forecast of Storage Evolution
Moreira, Fernando (Date Created: 28 Feb 2006)
This document presents a 10 year forecast for storage technologies, including hard disc drives, datatape and optical media. The document also discusses current limitations of these technologies, new research and developing technologies.
http://www.prestospace.org/project/deliverables/D12-5.pdf
Storing E Text For Centuries
Economist (Date Created: 19 Jun 2003)
This newspaper article discusses how the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) system works to ensure preservation and access to electronic academic journals. It also briefly discusses some challenges the system faces.
http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=184101
0
Storing Your Digital Images
Bockaert, Vincent (Date Created: 2006)
This article examines two digital image storage methods - hard disk and optical storage,. The methods are examined in terms of costs, data stability, data recovery and long term storage.
http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/Glossary/Storage/Issues_01.htm
Trusted Digital Repositories for Cultural Heritage
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei; ERPANET (Date Created: 17 Nov 2003)
This is the final report of the ERPANET workshop held in Rome in November 2003. The aim of the workshop was to identify and discuss key technical, management and policy issues affecting the implementation of repositories.The report features discussions on storage and repositories, emerging technologies and applications, capturing data for preservation, and quality standards.
http://www.erpanet.org/events/2003/rome/RomeFinalReport.pdf
What is a Library Anymore, Anyway?
Herkovic, Andrew C. ; Keller, Michael A.; Reich, Victoria A. In: First Monday (Date Created: May 2003)
Using the LOCKSS system as an example, this article discusses the need for libraries to control persistent access locally to enable long-term preservation and accessibility of digital collections. Local control of collections is critical both to assure permanence and to provide a key degree of selectivity. The LOCKSS system and protocol and similar technologies allow libraries to create, manage and maintain persistent caches of electronic journal content to which they subscribe with minimal cost so that libraries get to retain their role of acquiring, retaining, preserving and building means of access to collections.
http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue8_5/keller/index.html

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Books

Safekept
Historical Electronic Publications Pilot Project (EPPP): summary of the final report
The National Library of Canada (Last Updated: 23 May 1996) (Canada)
This summary of the final report describes a pilot project that aimed to identify and understand the challenges associated with acquiring, cataloguing, preserving and providing access to Canadian electronic publications. The discussion focusses on two issues: firstly, the NLC's responsibility for storing and managing electronic publications that Canadian authors and publishers create; and secondly, the Library's role as creator and distributor of computerised documents.
ISBN: 0-662-24672-1
http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/nlc-bnc/eppp_summary-e/ereport.ht
m
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JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials: A Framework of Data Types and Formats, and Issues Affecting the Long Term Preservation of Digital Material
Bennett, John C. (Date Created: 1997) (United Kingdom)
This study is part of a wider program of studies funded by JISC and guided by the (UK) Digital Archive Working Group. The report attempts to develop a framework to assist in the management of the resolution of issues associated with long-term digital preservation. One of the study's recommendations is a scorecard approach to reduce the complexity of preservation decisions and to help initiate solutions.
ISBN: 0 7123 3312 6
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/supporting/pdf/rept011.pdf
British Library Research and Innovation Report No. 50

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Events

22nd IEEE - 13th NASA Goddard (MSST2005) Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies. Papers and Presentations
11 - 15 Apr 2005 , Monterey California
IEEE Computer Society
(United States of America)
This website contains the papers from the IEEE Computer Society Mass Storage Systems Technical Committee (MSSTC) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center sponsored conference entitled Emerging Trends in Scalable Storage. Included are tutorials and papers on preservation, file systems and scalability.
http://www.storageconference.org/2005/papers-presentations.html
Proceedings of a conference held 11-15 April, 2005 at the Monterey Marriott and the Monterey Conference Center, Monterey, California
New DAPS 2008 : Workshop on Digital Archive Preservation and Sustainability
, Baltimore, Maryland (United States of America)
This workshop is to be held in conjunction with the IEEE Mass Storage Systems & Technologies Conference MSST 2008.The "workshop will explore the inherent tensions in minimizing cost while ensuring sustainability, increasing governance controls while collection sizes grow, and improving integrity and authenticity assertions as the number of records increases. It will also explore existing and emerging digital preservation requirements and evolution of architectures."
http://storageconference.org/daps/index.html

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Organisations and Websites

aDORe Archive
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research Library (Date Created: 18 May 2006) (United States of America)
The aDORe Archive is a write-once/read-many storage approach for Digital Object datastreams. The archive uses a combination of two file based storage systems- XML based files and ARC files. The aDORe software was developed by the LANL (Los Almos National Laboratory) Digital Library Research & Prototyping Team and was partly funded by an NDIIP grant from the Library of Congress. The website includes a tutorial and links to articles on the aDORe archive software.
http://african.lanl.gov/aDORe/projects/adoreArchive/
DAREnet (en) - Digital Academic Repositories
Digital Academic Repositories (Date Created: Jan 2004) (Netherlands)
This website provides information relating to the Digital Academic Repositories (DARE) program - a joint initiative between the Dutch Universities, as well as the National Library of the Netherlands, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research. Initiated to preserve and provide access to the results of Dutch academic research from a range of institutions, this website includes information on DARE, provides a list of participants and includes the latest news relating to the project.
http://www.darenet.nl/en/page/language.view/home
Data Preservation Program : Convergent Information Systems Division
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) (Date Created: 08 May 2001) (United States of America)
The Convergent Information Systems Division (CISD), is part of NIST's (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Information Technology Laboratory. The goals of the Digital Preservation Program include working with government and industry to improve the interoperability and reliability with optical discs and library systems. This also includes research into using optical discs as a preservation medium. Focussing on CDs and DVDs, the Program is divided into several areas including optical disc reliability testbed, data preservation and life expectancy of optical discs, high density storage, and DVD compatibility testing.
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div895/isis/datastorage.html

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Policies, Strategies & Guidelines

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Attributes of a Trusted Digital Repository: Meeting the Needs of Research Resources
Research Libraries Group (Last Updated: 01 Aug 2001) (United States of America)
This joint RLG-OCLC draft report was available for public comment until 12th October 2001. The report contains information and recommendations on developing and implementing a certified long-term digital information repository based on the OAIS functional model and extensive library and archival community discussion. Appendix B provides useful glossary of terms used in the report. The final report (also listed on PADI) is available at http://www.rlg.org/longterm/repositories.pdf
http://www.rlg.org/longterm/attributes01.pdf
Safekept
Cedars Guide To: Digital Preservation Strategies
University of Leeds (Last Updated: 02 Apr 2002) (United Kingdom)
This guide includes recommendations about technical approaches to digital preservation based on the Cedars experience.
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/guideto/dpstrategies/
Columbia University Libraries Policy for Preservation of Digital Resources
Columbia University Libraries (Date Created: Jul 2000) (United States of America)
Official statement of CUL policy for the preservation of digital resources, including its commitment to digital lifecycle management.
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/services/preservation/dlpolicy.html
Digital Preservation Guidance Note 2: Selecting Storage Media for Long-Term Preservation
Brown, Adrian (Date Created: 19 Jun 2003) (United Kingdom)
Produced by the Digital Preservation Department of the National Archives (UK) as part of its series of guidance notes on the preservation of electronic records, this document concentrates on selecting storage media for long-term preservation. Focusing on removable storage media, the document lists various criteria that need to be considered. Also included in the document is a media selection scorecard which compares different types of media and evaluates them against the selection criteria.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/selecting_storage_media.p
df
This document is the second in a series of guidance notes developed by the Digital Preservation Department, National Archives, UK. It is also available as an RTF document.
Digital Preservation Guidance Note 3: Care, Handling and Storage of Removable Media
Brown, Adrian (Date Created: 27 Jun 2003) (United Kingdom)
Produced by the Digital Preservation Department of the National Archives (UK) as part of its series of guidance notes on the preservation of electronic records, this document concentrates on the care, handling and storage of removable media as a means of ensuring their longevity. Focusing on the knowledge of the correct handling and storage conditions for different types of media, the guide gives an overview of the main types available and provides information as to the most appropriate care, handling, storage and environmental conditions.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/media_care.pdf
This document is the third in a series of guidance notes developed by the Digital Preservation Department, National Archives, UK. It is also available as an RTF document.
Digital Preservation Guidance Note 4: Graphics File Formats
Brown, Adrian (Date Created: 09 Jul 2003) (United Kingdom)
Produced by the Digital Preservation Department of the National Archives (UK) as part of its series of guidance notes on the preservation of electronic records, this document focuses on selecting file formats for use with images. It provides summary information about the most common graphics file formats in current use to help users to make informed decisions regarding the selection of most suitable files. The guidelines provided are limited to static images.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/graphic_file_formats.pdf
This document is the fourth in a series of guidance notes developed by the Digital Preservation Department, National Archives, UK. It is also available as an RTF document.
Historical HARMONICA : Practical Guidelines for the Future Development of Music Services in Libraries and Archives (Deliverable 3.6.4)
Deutsch, Werner A.; Herla, Siegbert; Kriechbaum, Werner (Date Created: 31 Jan 2000)
An initiative of the European Commission, the HARMONICA Project was established to advance understanding of the collection, storage and organisation of music and music information in digital formats. This paper documents phase D3.6.4 of the Project and provides links to existing guidelines for the development of digital music repositories. Topics such as storage media for data acquistion, digital preservation and ingestion are surveyed. The project ran or 3 years between 1997 and 2000.
http://projects.fnb.nl/harmonica/default.htm
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Historical Networked Electronic Publications: Policy and Guidelines
National Library of Canada (Date Created: Oct 1998) (Canada)
This policies and guidelines statement deals with the processes of identifying, locating, acquiring, reporting, storing and preserving networked electronic publications at the National Library of Canada.
http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/nlc-bnc/networked_epubs-ef/9/8/in
dex-e.html
Safekept
Historical Trusted Digital Repositories: Attributes and Responsibilities
(Date Created: May 2002) (United States of America)
This joint RLG-OCLC report is the result of a working group that was created to establish attributes of a digital repository for the long-term preservation of and access to research materials in digital form. It discusses seven attributes of 'trusted digital repositories' and is intended for cultural institutions who have traditional or legal responsibilities for the preservation of cultural heritage.
http://www.oclc.org/programs/ourwork/past/trustedrep/repositories.pdf

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Projects and Case Studies

Alternative File Formats for Storing Master Images
Gillesse, Robert; Rog, Judith; Verheusen, Astrid (Date Created: 7 Mar 2008) (Netherlands)
This in depth report (64 pages) describes a project undertaken by the Koninklijke Bibliotheek on possible alternative file formats for storing master images from mass digitisation projects. The KB currently stores uncompressed TIFFs. This report considers JPEG 2000, PNG, JPEG and TIFF LZW as alternatives. It describes each format and considers the consequences for required storage capacity, image quality, long term sustainability and functionality.
http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_links_en_publicaties/publicaties/Alternativ
e%20File%20Formats%20for%20Storing%20Masters%202%201.pdf
Historical It Always Hurts the First Time: Experiences with Transferred Electronic Records
van Dijk, Marcel In: Cultivate Interactive (Date Created: Feb 2003) (Netherlands)
This case study notes the problems of transferring electronic records to the Amsterdam Public Record Office from a government agency. The study covers issues such as project planning, metadata, various file formats such as e-mails and text files.
http://www.cultivate-int.org/issue9/amsterdammro/
Chronopolis Digital Preservation Demonstration Project
San Diego Supercomputer Center (Date Created: 2007) (United States of America)
Chronopolis is a datagrid framework being developed by the San Diego Supercomputer Center, the University of California at San Diego Libraries and their partners at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder Colorado and the University of Maryland's Institute for Advanced Computer Studies in College Park. It is a demonstration project of NDIIPP, using datagrid technologies to develop best practices for data packaging and transmission among different digital archive systems, and develop alliances.
http://chronopolis.sdsc.edu/
CLOCKSS : Controlled Lots of Copies Keeps Stuff Safe
LOCKSS Program (Date Created: Jan 2006)
The LOCKSS Program (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) based at Stanford University has announced a new two year project, CLOCKSS (Controlled LOCKSS), to commence in early 2006. The initiative will 'test the LOCKSS technology and social model to support a large dark archive that is both fail safe and has an acceptable process for providing continuing access for orphaned materials.' The project will replicate a representative portion of material from publisher members using a version of LOCKSS within a network of long-standing institutions and libraries and will be accountable to a joint board from the library, publishing and learned society sectors.
http://www.lockss.org/clockss/
Data Center for Library of Congress Digital Holdings: A Pilot Project. Final Report
Anderson, Martha (Date Created: 2007) (United States of America)
This is the final report of a pilot project to investigate data transfer and storage tests between the Library of Congress and the San Diego Computer Center (SDSC) conducted between May 2006 and October 2007. The report is written from the SDSC perspective describing the processes, issues and trust elements of communication logistics and tools, data transfers, data monitoring and logging, data access and manipulations and web archives.
http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/pdf/SDSC_LC_data-storage_report_2.p
df
Digital Preservation in Practice: The e-Depot at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek
Oltmans, Erik; van Wijngaarden, Hilde (Date Created: Jan 2004) (Netherlands)
This article describes the Koninklijke Bibliotheek’s (KB – Netherlands’ National Library) partnership with IBM in relation to the long-term preservation of digital materials. Both parties have developed a standard-based deposit system called the e-Depot. This article not only provides an overview of the main functions of the e-Depot, but describes further developments by the KB/IBM team, including a preservation manager for the storage and use of technical metadata within the e-Deport and an access tool, the Universal Virtual Computer (UVC).
http://ninetta.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentTy
pe=Article&contentId=862527
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 21-26, ISSN 0305-5728 (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One).
Safekept
Historical Electronic Publications Pilot Project (EPPP): summary of the final report
The National Library of Canada (Last Updated: 23 May 1996) (Canada)
This summary of the final report describes a pilot project that aimed to identify and understand the challenges associated with acquiring, cataloguing, preserving and providing access to Canadian electronic publications. The discussion focusses on two issues: firstly, the NLC's responsibility for storing and managing electronic publications that Canadian authors and publishers create; and secondly, the Library's role as creator and distributor of computerised documents.
ISBN: 0-662-24672-1
http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/nlc-bnc/eppp_summary-e/ereport.ht
m
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Historical Experiences and Conclusions From a Pilot Study : Web Archiving of the District and County Elections 2001 : Final Report for the Pilot Project "netarkivet.dk"
Brugger, Niels; Carlsen, Soren Vejrup ; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Birte; Finnemann, Niels Ole; Fonss-Jorgensen, Eva; Hendriksen, Birgit; von Hielmcrone, Harald (Date Created: Feb 2003) (Denmark)
This is the final report of a project which began in 2001. The report discusses the issues arising from using existing software to harvest and test material relating to Danish elections, including costs and financing, storage and archiving, methods of harvesting and legal issues.
http://netarkivet.dk/publikationer/webark-final-rapport-2003.pdf
JSTOR (Journal Storage): The Scholarly Journal Archive
JSTOR Journal Storage (Regularly Updated) (United States of America)
One of JSTOR's aims is to build a reliable and comprehensive archive of important scholarly journal literature. Back issues of paper journals have been converted into electronic formats allowing savings in space (and in capital costs associated with that space) while simultaneously improving access to the journal content. It is also hoped that the project may offer a solution to preservation problems associated with storing paper volumes.
http://www.jstor.org/
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Large Scale Archival Storage of Digital Objects
Linden, Jim; Martin, Sean; Masters, Richard; Parker, Roderic (Date Created: Feb 2005) (United Kingdom)
This report on mass archival storage was based on the practical experience in developing the Digital Object Management system in the British Library. The authors are part of the British Library's Digital Object Management (DOM) Programme. The report includes an overview of general issues related to building a large secure data storage system, including storage management, emerging technologies and software. Although based on the British Library's experience, many of the issues discussed are applicable to any institution planning or engaged in secure long-term storage of large volumes of digital materials.
http://www.dpconline.org/docs/dpctw04-03.pdf
DPC Technology Watch series report 04-03
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LOCKSS
Stanford University Libraries (Last Updated: 11 Feb 2000) (United States of America)
Stanford Libraries is building "persistent access" software for libraries. The project is called: LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keeps Stuff Safe) and provides tools which use local, library controlled computers to safeguard readers' long-term access to web based journals. The system ensures that hyperlinks to material it is safeguarding continue to resolve and deliver the appropriate content to their readers even if in the Internet at large the links no longer resolve and the content is no longer available.
http://lockss.stanford.edu/
Mass Transit: a Project Between California Digital Library and San Diego Supercomputer Center
(Date Created: 2007) (United States of America)
This 14 month project is a collaboration to understand large scale data transfer for preservation. Outcomes will include recommendations for best practice.
http://masstransit.sdsc.edu/
Museum of Software
School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews (United Kingdom)
Although still in development, it is envisaged that this Museum will collect and maintain out of date software. This involves obtaining a machine-readable copy of the software, translating any obscure coding to make it intelligible, and, once the software has been rendered readable, storing it. Once this has been achieved, it is planned to exhibit and use the software in a variety of ways.
http://mos.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/
Off-site Storage: an Analysis
Agee, Jim; Naper, Sarah (Date Created: 2007) (United States of America)
This paper discusses PASCAL (Preservation and Access Service Center for Colorado Academic Libraries) a shared collaborative off-site storage facility and the implications for the immediate region and future networked storage systems.
10.1108/01604950710721566
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/01604950710721566
Also available in PDF and in Collection Building ISSN:0160-4953 2007 Vol:26 No.:1 pp: 20-25
Paradigma : Preservation of Digital Material
Project of Paradigma (Norway)
Paradigma (Preservation, Arrangement & Retrieval of Assorted DIGital MAterials) is a three year project conducted by the National Library of Norway. The project began in 2001. Paradigma's goal is to find the technology, methods and organization for the collection and preservation of electronic documents, and to give the National Library's users access to these documents in compliance with the Legal Deposit Act. The page announces the National Library of Norway's plans.
http://www.nb.no/paradigma/eng_index.html
Persistent Digital Archives and Library Systems (PeDALS)
Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records (Date Created: Oct 2007) (United States of America)
This 18 month project led by the Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records will develop a curatorial rational to support an automated, integrated workflow to process collections of digital publications, implement "digital stacks" using an inexpensive storage network and develop a professional network to promote collaboration and shared practice for state and local governments.
http://rpm.lib.az.us/pedals/index.asp

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Glossaries

Safekept
Attributes of a Trusted Digital Repository: Meeting the Needs of Research Resources
Research Libraries Group (Last Updated: 01 Aug 2001) (United States of America)
This joint RLG-OCLC draft report was available for public comment until 12th October 2001. The report contains information and recommendations on developing and implementing a certified long-term digital information repository based on the OAIS functional model and extensive library and archival community discussion. Appendix B provides useful glossary of terms used in the report. The final report (also listed on PADI) is available at http://www.rlg.org/longterm/repositories.pdf
http://www.rlg.org/longterm/attributes01.pdf
Hard Disk Glossary