Intellectual property rights management
Limit to:
Copyright
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) defines intellectual property as consisting of the two main branches of industrial property and copyright. Industrial property "deals principally with the protection of inventions, marks (trademarks and service marks) and industrial designs, and the repression of unfair competition". Copyright is applied to "creations in the fields of literature and arts", with such works able to be expressed as "words, symbols, music, pictures, three-dimensional objects, or combinations thereof (as in the case of an opera or a motion picture)".
Copyright and Preservation Strategies
Copyright restrictions can affect the preservation of access to digital information by limiting the use of preservation strategies. Legislation in many countries makes allowances for copying material for preservation purposes. However it usually only covers traditional hard copy material, not digital information. Examples of preservation strategies for digital information that may be affected by copyright include migration and refreshing, which each involve some form of copying of intellectual property. Emulation raises similar issues: for example the emulation strategy proposed by Rothenberg in his report, Avoiding Technological Quicksand, entails saving proprietary software, hardware specifications and documentation.
Legislation
While each country has its own legislation, countries cooperate with each other to protect intellectual property rights through treaties administered by the World Intellectual Property Organisation. Such treaties are generally concerned with the establishment of minimum levels of copyright protection, although they also make provision for the needs of copyright users. The main treaties relevant to copyright, particularly for digital information, are the Berne Convention (1886) for the protection of literary and artistic works, the TRIPS Treaty, and the WIPO Copyright Treaty.
Under the Berne Convention signatory countries can allow copying for the purpose of preservation under Article 9, the Right of Reproduction. This provision of Berne enabling all exceptions to the right of reproduction (not just preservation exceptions) is Article 9.2:
"It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to permit the reproduction of such works in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author."
The TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property) Treaty, which is part of the WTO system, includes provision for defaulters to be subject to much more serious penalties.
The WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996 was developed in recognition of the need for copyright provisions to be extended to digital information. It establishes the same copyright exemptions for digital information as outlined in the Berne convention:
"The reproduction right, as set out in Article 9 of the Berne Convention, and the exceptions permitted thereunder, fully apply in the digital environment, in particular to the use of works in digital form. It is understood that the storage of a protected work in digital form in an electronic medium constitutes a reproduction within the meaning of Article 9 of the Berne Convention."
As a result of the WIPO Copyright Treaty, the United States has since updated its copyright legislation. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, passed in 1998, allows copies to be made of digital information if its format has become obsolete. A summary of the Act is available from the United States Copyright Office.
The Canadian Copyright Act was amended in 1997 to allow copying to "an alternative format if the original is currently in an obsolete format or the technology required to use the original is unavailable".
Copyright in Australia is governed by the Copyright Act 1968. The Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Bill 1999 which was recently passed by the House of Representatives will allow digital copying of material held in libraries and archives for preservation or internal management purposes. It will also allow the internal communication of digital preservation reproductions to officers of the institution. Another amendment will allow such reproductions of artistic works to be displayed to the public on electronic kiosks provided that the original is unstable or has deteriorated. Although Australia has not yet signed the WIPO Copyright Treaty, the Digital Agenda Bill has been drafted in accordance with it.
Other countries are also planning to review their legislation. Copyright aspects of the preservation of electronic publications (February 1998), the report of a study commissioned by the National Library of the Netherlands examining "the copyright related problems which could impede efforts to preserve and maintain the accessibility of electronic data" in the Netherlands, also outlines the legislative situation in Germany, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and Canada.
Access
The ease with which digital information may be reproduced, manipulated and accessed by multiple users through networks raises concerns for some publishers wishing to control access to and protect the integrity of their publications. Developments in authentication mechanisms such as encryption will assist in controlling access to publications. Licence agreements are also used to define the amount of access that may be provided to a digital publication. Institutions whose role is to preserve access to such material may enter into agreements with publishers or creators which restrict access to their materials (e.g. The National Library of Australia's Policy on the Use of Australian CD-ROMs and Other Electronic Materials Acquired by Deposit). Emerging technologies such as digital signaturing, watermarking and digital time-stamping will assist in the area of establishing a publication's authenticity.
Text last updated: Aug 2000
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Access in the Future Tense
Greenstein, Daniel; Ivey, Bill; Kenney, Anne R.; Lavoie, Brian; Smith, Abby
(Date Created: Apr 2004)
(United States of America)
- This report, based on papers presented at a Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) conference held in May 2003, focuses on preservation and stewardship in the education and research area, including digital preservation of the resources. Preservation topics related to institutional collaboration, cost of maintenance of a digital collection, legal challenges, and policy issues are discussed. Papers include Mapping the Preservation Landscape by Abby Smith ; Library Stewardship in the Digital Age by Daniel Greenstein ; Collection, Preservation and the Changing Resource Base by Anne R. Kenney ; Issues in Intangible Cultural Heritage by Bill Ivey ; Of Mice and Memory : Economically Sustainable Preservation for the Twenty-first Century by Brian Lavoie ; In Support of Long Term Access by Abby Smith.
- ISBN: 193232609x
- http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub126/pub126.pdf
-
Applying the Lessons Learned from Retrospective Archiving to the Digital Archiving Conundrum
Heterick, Bruce
(Date Created: 2002)
(United States of America)
- Since 1995 JSTOR has been converting back issues of paper journals into electronic formats. This article provides an overview of the activities of JSTOR in creating an archive of scholarly journals. Included in the piece is a summary of JSTOR’s mission; an explanation of who contributes and uses the archive; a discussion of principles considered fundamental to digital preservation; and a description of five main challenges in archiving electronic content (rights and responsibilities, content, functionality, migration and business model).
- http://iospress.metapress.com/content/1wfdrr1waf8ddax8/
- Available in Information Services & Use, Vol 22, Issue 2/3, 2002, pp. 113-120, ISSN 0167-5265
-
Archiving the Web - Some Legal Aspects
Kavcic-Colic, Alenka
(Date Created: 21 Aug 2002)
- A paper presented at the 68th IFLA General Conference and Council held in Glasgow, 18-24 August, 2002, discussing some legal aspects of archiving publications from the web. Copyright and legal deposit legislation are discussed with regard to rights implications for harvesting, public access and long-term preservation.
- http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/116-163e.pdf
- Also available in French at http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/116-163f.pdf
-

Archiving the World Wide Web
Lyman, Peter
In: Building a National Strategy for Digital Preservation: Issues in Digital Media Archiving
(Date Created: Apr 2002)
(United States of America)
- A paper in the series of six environmental scans commissioned as part of the US National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP), this article examines archiving the web from several perspectives. As well as technical issues, such as those involved in defining the digital object, authenticity and provenance and the technologies needed for preservation, the article considers the roles of librarians and computer scientists in managing digital material and organisational issues such as copyright and the responsibility to preserve.
- http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub106/web.html
- The collected papers are also available in PDF format via: http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub106abst.html
-

Archiving Websites
Boudrez, Filip; Van den Eynde, Sofie
(Date Created: Jul 2002)
(Belgium)
- A report from the Flemish DAVID Project examining the need for archiving of web sites, approaches for collection and management, and a range of legal issues including copyright. The report is available in PDF format.
- http://www.expertisecentrumdavid.be/davidproject/teksten/Rapporten/Rep
ort5.pdf
-

Battle to Define the Future of the Book in the Digital World
Lynch, Clifford
In: First Monday
(Date Created: 04 Jun 2001)
- In this article, Clifford Lynch, Director of the Coalition for Networked Information (CNI), discusses the implications of electronic books (e-books), including issues of contents and rights management, and long-term preservation and access.
- http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_6/lynch/index.html
- CAMiLEON : BBC Domesday
CAMILEON (Creative Archiving at Michigan and leeds: Emulating the Old on the New)
- This articles provides an overview of CAMiLEON's Domesday Project, which uses the BBC's 1986 Domesday Project as a test case for the implementation and development of emulation strategies for the preservation of digital material. The Domesday Project is a multimedia digital project originally produced on 12" video discs. It was intended that future generations would view this resource. It as chosen as a prime test case because it is in danger of loss through technological obsolescence, and represents challenges in terms of scale, complexity and intellectual property rights. The article includes FAQ's, technical and property rights issues and screenshots of the emulator in action.
- http://www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/domesday/domesday.html
-

CAMiLEON : Emulation and BBC Domesday
Mellor, Phil
In: RLG DigiNews
(Date Created: 15 Apr 2003)
(United Kingdom)
- This article reports on a meeting in December 2002 at the University of Leeds to demonstrate and discuss CAMiLEON's (Creative Archiving at Michigan and Leeds Emulating the Old on the New) work in preserving the BBC Domesday Project. The article provides some background information on the original Project, including examples of content. The CAMiLEON Project has spent 3 years developing strategies for digital preservation and testing them with materials such as the BBC Domesday system. The article describes some of the issues and problems encountered during this process such as videodisc damage, hardware unreliability, development of emulation software and the ongoing issues of Intellectual Property Rights for the many individual and institutional contributors to the Project.
- http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp?fileid=0000070511
:000006284166&reqid=683#feature3
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CAMiLEON Project : Legal Issues Arising From the Work Aiming to Preserve Elements of the Interactive Multimedia Work Entitled "The BBC Domesday Project"
Charlesworth, Andrew
(Date Created: 2002)
(United Kingdom)
- CAMiLEON is using the BBC's 1986 Domesday Project as a test case for the implementation and development of strategies for the preservation of digital material. The Domesday Project is a multimedia digital project originally produced on 12-inch video discs. It was intended that future generations would view this resource. However, the software and hardware required for viewing has a finite lifetime. The article discusses the intellectual property rights management issues associated with emulating the resource, the software required to use it and the professional and non-professional content.
- http://www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/reports/IPRreport.doc
-
Climbing the scholarly publishing mountain with SHERPA
MacColl, John; Pinfield, Stephen
In: Ariadne
(Last Updated: 11 Oct 2002)
(United Kingdom)
- A paper discussing the UK-based SHERPA project funded to create OAI –compliant ”e-print” repositories through self-archiving in the Higher education sector and acknowledging and addressing the associated management, intellectual property rights, digital preservation and technical issues.
- http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue33/sherpa/
- Coming Crisis in Preserving Our Digital Cultural Heritage
Lynch, Clifford A
(Date Created: 2000)
(United States of America)
- In this article the author explores the challenges that are facing cultural heritage institutions in relation to digital preservation. The author states that it is difficult for libraries to maintain their role of preserving society’s cultural and intellectual heritage due to the fact that an increasing amount of heritage is being produced in digital form. Constraints for librarians have arisen from digitisation and include areas such as legal rights and protections, both of which have made it difficult for copying and reformatting material. The article offers suggestions on how to address these problems, including making the preservation of intellectual and cultural record in digital form a public policy as well as a legal issue.
- ISBN: 0789020904
- Co-published in the Journal of Library Administration, (ISSN0193-0826) 38, 3/4, 2003 pp. 149-161 and : The Strategic Stewardship of Cultural Resources : To Preserve and Protect (ed: Andrea T. Merrill)
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Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation
Muir, Adrienne
(Date Created: Jun 2003)
(United Kingdom)
- This article gives an overview of the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project, which investigated whether copyright legislation and licensed access to digital content threaten the ability of libraries to provide long-term access to that content and to suggest ways in which the problems can be overcome. It also includes background information on digital preservation practices and their associated copyright problems.
- http://www.cilip.org.uk/publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive200
3/june/update0306c.htm
- in Library and Information Update, June 2003.
-

Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project Seminar
Loughborough University of Technology. Dept. of Library and Information Studies
(Date Created: 2003)
- This is a report on the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project Seminar held on November 19th, 2003 at the Policy Studies Institute in London. Attendees included publishers, librarians, legal and digital preservation experts. The seminar featured a presentation on the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project, as well as discussion focused on preservation copying requirements, copyright issues and relationships with publishers. The report identifies constraints to digital preservation and proposes recommendations on how the constraints may be overcome.
- http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/CLDP/DOCUMENTS/Semin
ar%20Report%20.doc
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Copyright Issues Relevant to the Creation of a Digital Archive: A Preliminary Assessment
Besek, June M.
(Date Created: Jan 2003)
- This CLIR report discusses the copyright issues involved in the creation of a nonprofit digital archive. Current US copyright law is covered. The report discusses how the processes of data collection and access conditions effect the both the end users and copyright holders.
- ISBN: 1887334971
- http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub112abst.html
- Available online as full text or PDF, or for purchase in print
-
Creating Museum IP in a Digital World: NINCH Copyright Town Meeting Sept. 7th, 2002
NINCH
(Last Updated: 30 Oct 2002)
(Canada)
- A report of guest presentations and workshop exercises from the NINCH copyright meeting held at the Museum Computer Network Conference in Toronto, Canada, 2002. The meeting focussed on intellectual property obligations and explored the development of institutional policy using test scenarios.
- http://www.ninch.org/copyright/2002/toronto.report.html
- Development of a Rights Management System for the National Library of Australia's Collections
Henderson, Sandra; Matthew Walker
(Date Created: 06 Feb 2008)
(Australia)
- This paper describes development of a Rights Management System (RMS) at the National Library of Australia. While the RMS was developed as a module of the digital collections management system, it was recognised that the need for a RMS would not be limited to digital collections.
- http://www.valaconf.org.au/vala2008/papers2008/112_Henderson_Final.pdf
- Available as PDF from VALA 2008: Libraries changing spaces, virtual places Conference Program
-

Digital Asset Management Systems for the Cultural and Scientific Heritage Sector
DigiCULT Consortium
(Date Created: Dec 2002)
- The second of three thematic issue papers from the Preservation and Enhancement of Cultural Heritage Unit of the Information Society Directorate General of the European Commission Digital Assett Management Systems (DAMS) and their role in the cultural and scientific heritage communities. The journal includes papers that argue the need for DAMS to create renewable resources that can be managed through their entire life cycle, as well as listing system benifits and shortcoming of DAMS in the cultural heritage community. System designers, curators, digital collection managers and exponents of digitisation consider the role of the systems in the different sectors and highlight differing understandings and expectations.
- http://www.digicult.info/downloads/thematic_issue_2_021204_low_resolut
ion.pdf
- Digital Curation, Copyright, and Academic Research
Charlesworth, Andrew
(Date Created: Sep 2006)
- This article considers the suitability of applying the Creative Commons licensing model to scientific research such as publications, research materials and datasets. The author argues that developing a Science Commons approach will require more than the Creative Commons model and its utilitarian copyright law, in order to satisfy researchers requirements.
- http://www.ijdc.net/ijdc/article/view/7/6
- International Journal of Digital Curation Vol 1 Autumn 2006 pp17-32
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Digital Dilemma : Intellectual Property : Synopsis and Views on the Study by the National Academies' Committee on Intellectual Property Rights and the Emerging Information Infrastructure
Gladney, Henry M.
In: D-Lib magazine
(Date Created: Dec 1999)
(United States of America)
- This report is a synopsis of and comments upon a report, The Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Information Age, released by a study committee appointed by the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) for the U.S. National Academies in November 1999. The study committee was asked to consider impacts that the emerging digital information infrastructure is having on intellectual property (IP) rights originating in the U.S. Constitution. This article comments on the report's discussion of archiving and IP issues.
- http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december99/12gladney.html
-

Digital Object Identifiers: Promise and Problems for Scholarly Publishing
Davidson, Lloyd A. ; Douglas, Kimberly
In: JEP - The Journal of Electronic Publishing
(Date Created: Dec 1998)
(United States of America)
- This article is an evaluation of Digital Object Identifiers and describes what they are, why they are needed and how they came into existence. It highlights their limitations and benefits on a range of uses, such as rights management and as persistent identifiers, and concludes with some issues that are still to be resolved.
- http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/04-02/davidson.html
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Digital Preservation and Copyright
Hirtle, Peter B
(Date Created: 2003)
(United States of America)
- This article addresses the legal issues associated with digital preservation in the USA. The author examines sections of US Copyright Law pertaining to areas such as archiving computer programs; preservation copies of libraries and archives; and fair use preservation provisions for libraries and individuals. Issues surrounding the preservation of the World Wide Web, as well as the relationship between licensing and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), are also addressed.
- http://fairuse.stanford.edu/commentary_and_analysis/2003_11_hirtle.htm
l
- DMCA Hearings to Allow to Try to Allow Software Archiving
Internet Archive
(Date Created: 2003)
(United States of America)
- This web page features links to Brewster Kahle's speech and correspondence in applying for exemptions to the Copyright Act so to allow archiving of software. Although focussed on the U.S. and the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act) the issues are relevant to other copyright legislations.
- http://www.archive.org/about/dmca.php
-

Ephemeral Will Endure : the Future of Conceptual Art and Digital Preservation
Sharp, Rebecca
In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter
(Date Created: Aug 2002)
(United States of America)
- Based on an interview with Jon Ippolito, Co-ordinator of the Variable Media Initiative (VMI) at the Guggenheim Museum in New York, this article addresses the main components of the VMI. The initiative allows artists working with ephemeral media formats to collaborate with museum and media consultants to produce appropriate preservation strategies for their works. Through the use of an interactive questionnaire, artists specify “preservation and dissemination options according to the properties unique to their work”, thus further enabling this area of art history to be available to future generations.
- http://www.digicult.info/downloads/digicult_info2.pdf
- FAQ: Copyright Keeps Open Archives and Digital Preservation Separate
Hirtle, Peter B.
In: RLG DigiNews
(Date Created: 15 Apr 2007)
- This article considers the effect of copyright on self-archiving in open access digital repositories.
- http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObject.jsp?objid=0000070519&reqi
d=7300
-
-
First National Consultative Meeting on the Management of Australian Physical-Format Digital Publications
National Library of Australia
(Last Updated: 16 Oct 1998)
(Australia)
- A National Consultative Meeting on the management of Australian physical-format digital publications brought together representatives from publishers, creators and the National and State Libraries. The meeting aimed to seek agreement on key principles and responsibilities related to the long-term access to digital publications in physical formats. Issues such as legal and voluntary deposit, copyright, access, licensing, collection development, cataloguing, and preservation paths were discussed and an action plan formalised to progress the development of strategies for the long-term preservation and access to significant Australian publications.
- http://www.nla.gov.au/niac/meetings/physical.html
-
IASSIST 2000 : Data in the Digital Library: social, spatial, and government data services: Electronic Presentation Archive
University of Chicago
(Date Created: Jun 2000)
(United States of America)
- Presentations at the 26th conference of the International Association for Social Science Information Services and Technology (IASSIST) related to managing, preserving and providing access to digital collections in archives and libraries.
- http://www.src.uchicago.edu/datalib/ia2000/presentations/presentation.
htm
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Intellectual preservation and electronic intellectual property
Graham, Peter S., Syracuse University Library
(Date Created: 1993)
- Three possible solutions for authenticating electronic texts are described: encryption, hashing and digital time-stamping.
- http://www.ifla.org/documents/infopol/copyright/graham.txt
-

Intellectual Property and Electronic Theses
Andrew, Theo
(Date Created: 22 Sep 2004)
(United Kingdom)
- This paper examines various aspects of the publication and preservation of ETDs (Electronic Theses and Dissertations) from a legal viewpoint. Several recommendations are made including that copyright and repository licensing agreements should integrate provisions for migration to new formats, emulation and other digital preservation strategies.
- http://www.jisclegal.ac.uk/publications/ethesesandrew.htm#content
-
Intellectual Property Conservancies
Bearman, David
In: D-Lib magazine
(Date Created: Dec 2000)
- An examination of the issues and challanges relating to the building of a digital library conservancy for the long-term preservation of and free access to donated or licensed intellectual property.
- http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december00/bearman/12bearman-full.html
-
Intellectual Property on the Internet: A Survey of Issues
Office of Legal and Organization Affairs, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
(Date Created: 2003)
- A report (140pp)of a survey by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) addressing the impact on intellectual property of information and communications technology, the evolving digital economy and transition to the internet. The survey focusses on progress and developments in the areas of copyright, trademarks, patents, domain names, private international law and dispute resolution, as well as concerns facing developing countries in e-development.
- ISBN: 92-805-1143-6
- http://www.wipo.int/copyright/ecommerce/en/ip_survey/ip_survey.html
- Available for puchase in print from WIPO Electronic Bookshop or free download
-

Intellectual Property Rights Issues Facing Self-Archiving : Key Findings of the RoMEO Project
Gadd, Elizabeth; Oppenheim, Charles; Probets, Steve
In: D-Lib magazine
(Date Created: Sep 2003)
(United Kingdom)
- This article provides an overview of the activities of the RoMEO Project and reports on its key findings and recommendations. Rights metadata, sample metadata rights records and stakeholder requirements including authors, publishers and service providers are discussed.
- http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september03/gadd/09gadd.html
-
Intellectual Property Rights lessons from the CEDARS project for Digital Preservation
Seville, Catherine; Weinberger, Ellis
(Date Created: 01 Jun 2001)
(United Kingdom)
- This Cedars project paper offers suggestions and advice about intellectual property rights issues which arise in the course of digital preservation.
- http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/colman/CIW03.pdf
-

Legal Deposit, Electronic Publications and Digital Archiving - the National Library of Australia’s Experience
Gatenby, Pam
In: 68th IFLA General Conference and Council - Libraries for Life: Democracy, Diversity, Delivery
(Date Created: 19 Aug 2002)
(Australia)
- In this paper, presented at the 68th IFLA General Conference and Council held in Glasgow, 18-24th August, 2002, Pam Gatenby of the National Library of Australia discusses "how the experience gained from the Library’s digital archiving activity is shaping proposed changes to legal deposit legislation and also explains the constraints imposed by copyright law. Issues of concern to the National Library, publishers and government bureaucrats are highlighted and ways in which these are being addressed are outlined."
- http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/071-124e.pdf
-

Legal Issues Relating to the Archiving of Internet Resources in the UK, EU, USA and Australia : a Study Undertaken for the JISC and Wellcome Trust
Charlesworth, Andrew
(Date Created: 25 Feb 2003)
- Key legal issues such as copyright, data protection and defamation are discussed with emphasis on their application to the United Kingdom legal framework. The article also examines other approaches to web archiving, including several EU countries, the US and Australia. EU experience suggests that establishing legal deposit is highly desirable, US experience reveals that pragmatic approach is successful, but potentially full of legal controversies and Australian licensing approach although limited in its ability to deal with general harvesting of the web provides an acceptable degree of legal risk and allows selective archiving of both ‘shallow’ and ‘deep’ web resources. Also included is a series of recommendations for the JISC and Wellcome Trust regarding the archiving of UK materials.
- http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/archiving_legal.pdf
-
Legislating the Rainbow: Legal Deposit, Access and Distribution in a Digital Environment
Whitehead, Derek
(Date Created: Nov 1995)
(Australia)
- This paper examines the relevance of legal deposit to new media, focussing on the practicality of legal deposit as a means of obtaining and preserving documentary material.
- http://www.nla.gov.au/niac/meetings/npo95dw.html
-

Licensing Digital Resources: How to Avoid the Legal Pitfalls. (2nd edition)
Giavarra, Emanuella, LLM
(Date Created: Sep 2001)
- The degree of access and use permitted for a digital resource depends on the terms and conditions negotiated in the licence. This guide is intended to assist in understanding the meaning and consequences of common licence clauses. It includes notes on copyright versus licensing, users, usage and access restrictions, terms and termination, library undertakings, warranties and indemnities, and clauses to avoid. It was compiled as part of the European Copyright User Platform (ECUP+) and Central and Eastern European Licensing Information Platform (CELIP) projects.
- http://www.eblida.org/uploads/Pitfalls_web.pdf
- Also available in PDF format at: http://www.eblida.org/ecup/docs/licensing.pdf
- Long-term Preservation and Law
Goebel and Scheller
(Date Created: Apr 2006)
(Germany)
- This is a 4 page English summary of a document originally published in German. It is part of a series of 7 digital preservation papers commissioned by nestor. Although the summary details issues such as copyright from the German perspective, the recommendations and observations are of interest to the international digital preservation community.
- http://www.langzeitarchivierung.de/downloads/mat/01_summary.pdf
- nestor studies; 1
-

On Making and Identifying a Copy
Paskin, Norman
In: D-Lib magazine
(Date Created: Jan 2003)
- The article canvasses issues associated with distinguishing particular instances and manifestations and the necessary granularity. It problematises the notion of a copy and the need to identify types of copies. The article is motivated by concerns regarding digital rights management, however, such issues are also appropriate to the management of multiple copies within a digital preservation system.
- http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january03/paskin/01paskin.html
-
New Copyright Law for Distance Education: The Meaning and Importance of the TEACH Act
Crews, Kenneth D.
(Last Updated: 30 Sep 2002)
(United States of America)
- The TEACH Act (Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization Act) ratified in November 2002 "redefines the terms and conditions on which accredited, nonprofit educational institutions throughout the U.S. may use copyright protected materials in distance education - including on websites and by other digital means - without permission from the copyright owner and without payment of royalties".
- http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/woissues/copyrightb/federallegislation/
distanceed/distanceeducation.cfm
- also available as pdf file at http://www.ala.org/washoff/teachsummary.pdf
-

OAI Rights White Paper : September 26 2003
Lagoze, Carl; Nelson, Michael; Van de Sompel, Herbert; Warner, Simeon
(Date Created: 26 Aug 2003)
- Instigated by the Open Archives Initiative and Project RoMEO, the OAI-rights white paper describes the scope and issues in OAI rights. The goal of OAI rights is to investigate and develop means of expressing rights about metadata and resources in the OAI framework. This paper is intended as a foundation for work aimed at incorporating structured rights expressions into the OAI-PMH. This work will be undertaken by a technical group called oai-rights, and will result in a set of OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) guidelines scheduled for release in second quarter 2004
- http://www.openarchives.org/documents/OAIRightsWhitePaper.html
- Orphan Works and Section 108 Updates
Hirtle, Peter
In: RLG DigiNews
(Date Created: 15 Aug 2006)
(United States of America)
- This artcle outlines some recent developments in Section 108 of the United States Copyright Act and how it may impact digital preservation and digitisation efforts in the future. The article includes information on the Section 108 Study Group of which the author is a member. He outlines the main areas of interest at the roundtable discussion sessions.
- http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObject.jsp?objid=0000070519&reqi
d=4139
-
Position paper on copyright in the electronic environment
IFLA
(Date Created: 25 Aug 1996)
- This is a "position statement on copyright in the electronic environment on behalf of librarians and information staff worldwide". The report discusses how copyright affects access and preservation.
- http://www.ifla.org/V/press/pr961002.htm
-

Preservation issues for optical/electronic media
Ditzler, Carol
(Last Updated: 3 Oct 1994)
- This detailed and practical report called "The Electronic Information Initiative : Phase 1 Final Report" (our link is directly to the chapter on optical media) by the US National Agricultural Library sets forth findings and recommendations regarding the preservation of optical media and associated electronic media. The main body of this report is organised around eight topics: Preservation strategy; Processing; Storage; User access; Licensing and copyright; Cooperative agreements; Disk production; and Security.
- http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.nalusda.gov/services_and_produ
cts/other_nal_products/eii/nal-eii7.html
- Chapter in: The Electronic Information Initiative : Phase 1 Final Report ; A Key Success Factor in the NAL Strategic Plan
-

Preservation of Scientific Serials : Three Current Examples
Arms, William Y.
In: JEP - The Journal of Electronic Publishing
(Date Created: Dec 1999)
- This paper examines three journals in digital form: the ACM Digital Library, the Internet RFC series, and D-Lib Magazine and discusses the measures which can be taken today to preserve access to the information contained within these journals. The solutions proposed are "partly technical and partly organizational". The author proposes three levels of preservation: preserving the "look-and-feel" of the document; preservation of access, which entails maintaining both the underlying material and an effective system of access; and preservation of content. The role of publishers in archiving is discussed.
- http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/05-02/arms.html
- Journal of Electronic Publishing, Volume 5, Issue 2
- Preservation, Access and Intellectual Property Rights Challenges for Libraries in the Digital Environment
Muir, Adrienne
(Date Created: Jun 2006)
(United Kingdom)
- This paper examines the impact of intellectual property rights, licensing and publishing models on preservation of and access to digital information from the perspective of United Kingdom law. Initiatives such as legal deposit, exemptions to existing laws, raising awareness through organisations such as the Digital Preservation Coalition and new forms of licensing agreements such as the Creative Commons Licenses are discussed as possible avenues, either singularly or in combination, for achieving solutions acceptable to both publishers and libraries.
- http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=464
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Preserving the Present for the Future : Strategies for the Internet : Proceedings
Denmark's Electronic Research Library
(Date Created: 22 Jun 2001)
Has papers: Cyberculture, Cultural Asset Management, and Ethnohistory : Preserving the Process and Understanding the Past
; Legal Deposit from the Internet in Denmark : Experiences with the Law from 1997 and the Need for Adjustments
- Papers from the Preserving the Present for the Future : Strategies for the Internet conference, held at the Royal Library, Copenhagen, 18-19 June 2001.
- http://www.deflink.dk/eng/arkiv/dokumenter2.asp?id=695
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Report on the Cedars Final Workshop
CEDARS Project; Day, Michael; Jones, Maggie
(Date Created: 22 Apr 2002)
(United Kingdom)
- This invitation-only workshop was the final event hosted by the Cedars project before it closed. The workshop had a focus primarily on the work of Cedars but also included the work of CAMiLEON. The purpose of the workshop was to highlight the work of Cedars over the preceding four years, to provide a forum for debate and discussion on what the project had achieved and what should happen next, and to bring together the main beneficiaries of the project (CURL librarians) with representatives from the publishing community and other key decision makers.
- http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/pubconf/umist/finalWorkshopRep.html
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Right to Preserve: The Rights Issues of Digital Preservation
Ayre, Catherine; Muir, Adrienne
In: D-Lib magazine
(Date Created: Mar 2004)
(United Kingdom)
- This article provides an overview of the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation (CLDP) project, undertaken between September 2002 and March 2004 and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board (UK). Based on questionnaire surveys, face-to-face interviews and a seminar, the project’s aim was to examine whether copyright legislation and licensed access to digital content affects the roles of libraries in providing long-term access. Areas outlined in the article include rights implications of digital preservation methods; provision for preservation copying in existing laws and licences; solutions to the rights issues, incorporating areas such as digital preservation responsibility and legal deposit; and rights issues specific to licensed digital content.
- 10.1045/march2004-ayre
- http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march04/ayre/03ayre.html
- Right to Preserve? : Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project Final Report
Ayre, Catherine; Muir, Adrienne
(Date Created: Mar 2004)
(United Kingdom)
- This report is a summation of the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project which ran from 2002-2004 and was funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board. The project involved a literature review, questionnaire survey, interviews and a seminar. The report analyses how copyright legislation and licensed access affect the ability of libraries to provide long-term access to digital content. It concludes that whilst copyright legislation and cooperation between libraries and rights-holders is important what would be more beneficial was a reassessment of the whole concept of copyright in the digital environment.
- http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/CLDP/DOCUMENTS/Final
%20report.doc
- Rights in the PREMIS Data Model: A Report for the Library of Congress
Coyle, Karen
(Date Created: Dec 2006)
(United States of America)
- This report was commissioned by the Library of Congress to feed into the revision of the PREMIS Data standard May 2005 to improve the rights entity. This report considers the various definitions of rights, the state of rights metadata, and surveys legislative actions in various nations which will provide a legal standing for digital preservation activities.
- http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis/Rights-in-the-PREMIS-Data-Model.pd
f
- Simplification of the Copyright Act 1968 : Part 2 Categorisation of Subject Matter and Exclusive Rights and Other Issues
Copyright Law Review Committee
(Last Updated: 12 Feb 1999)
(Australia)
- This report proposes to simplify the categories of protected subject matter and the exclusive rights of copyright owners. It also considers the implementation of a distribution right and addresses issues identified by the Copyright Convergence Group for further consideration by the Committee. Among the matters proposed in those reforms is the new broadly based, technology-neutral right of communication to the public.
- http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(756EDFD270AD704EF00C15
CF396D6111)~CLRC+Simplification+of+the+Copyright+Act+1968+-+Part+2.doc /$file/CLRC+Simplification+of+the+Copyright+Act+1968+-+Part+2.doc
- Available as PDF and Word from http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Copyright_CopyrightLawReviewCommittee_CLRCReports_SimplificationoftheCopyrightAct1968
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'Superarchives' could hold all scholarly output
Jeffrey R. Young
(Date Created: 05 Jul 2002)
- Discusses creation of online 'institutional repositories' to preserve and provide access to the intellectual output of institutions like universities. Models discussed (briefly) include the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's DSpace project, the California Institute of Technology's digital repository, the University of California's Scholarly Repository, Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank, and the University of Southhampton's eprint.org initiative. While the article serves only as a brief introduction to the issues, it does have links to all the projects.
- http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i43/43a02901.htm
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Towards the Copyright Act 2000: Implications of and for Digital Preservation and Access
Australian Council of Libraries and Information Services; Wodetzki, Jamie
(Date Created: 28 Nov 1995)
(Australia)
- This article provides an overview of Australian copyright legislation in relation to preservation and outlines its inadequacies for digital material. The author discusses the copyright review process and makes suggestions for improving copyright legislation. The importance of distinguishing between "copying for preservation" and "providing digital access" is emphasised.
- http://www.nla.gov.au/niac/meetings/npo95jw.html
- Paper given at the 2nd National Preservation Office Conference: Multimedia Preservation - Capturing the Rainbow, in Brisbane, 28-30 November 1995.
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Virtual Remote Control : Building a Preservation Risk Management Toolbox for Web Resources
Buckley, Ellie; Entlich, Richard; Kehoe, William R.; Kenney, Anne R.; McGovern, Nancy Y.
In: D-Lib magazine
(Date Created: Apr 2004)
(United States of America)
- Importance of Internet archiving was brought to public attention after material archived by the Wayback Machine was accepted in the US court. Cultural institutions face legal as well as technical challenges when they attempt to archive the Internet and much of the content is therefore lost. Cornell University Library's Virtual Remote Control (VRC) initiative differs from most web archiving projects by its emphasise on monitoring websites over time, with capture being used only as a last resort. The process is envisaged to be fully automated in the future via a Toolbox software that is being developed, but at present considerable human input is necessary.
- http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april04/mcgovern/04mcgovern.html
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Yale Electronic Archive - One Year of Progress: Report on the Digital Preservation Planning Project
Yale University Library
(Date Created: Feb 2002)
(United States of America)
- A report on the progress of the collaborative planning effort between Yale University Library and Elsevier Science for the archiving of electronic journals, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The planning project sought to "understand better the scope and scale of digital journal preservation" and "identify practical next steps" for a large collection of commercially published journals. The report recognises the need for co-operative efforts and standards and relationships between publishers and archivers, and discusses the building of a prototype archive. The report is available in PDF format, either as sections or as a complete document.
- http://www.library.yale.edu/~okerson/yea/
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Copyright aspects of the preservation of electronic publications
Groeneveld, C.; Hugenholtz, P. B.; Koelman, K. J.; Westerbrink, B. N.
(Date Created: 15 Feb 1998)
- Instituut voor Informatierecht Report - 7. This is the report (40 p.) of a study commissioned by the National Library of the Netherlands. It examines "the copyright related problems which could impede efforts to preserve and maintain the accessibility of electronic data".
- ISBN: 9074243-12-6
- http://www.ivir.nl/publications/koelman/kbeng2.doc
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Copyright Issues Relevant to the Creation of a Digital Archive: A Preliminary Assessment
Besek, June M.
(Date Created: Jan 2003)
- This CLIR report discusses the copyright issues involved in the creation of a nonprofit digital archive. Current US copyright law is covered. The report discusses how the processes of data collection and access conditions effect the both the end users and copyright holders.
- ISBN: 1887334971
- http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub112abst.html
- Available online as full text or PDF, or for purchase in print
- Creative Commons Licenses for Cultural Heritage Institutions: a Dutch Perspective
Hoorn, Esther
(Date Created: Sep 2006)
(Netherlands)
- This in-depth report (73 p) discusses the use of Creative Commons Licenses by cultural heritage institutions (libraries, museums and archives) in the Netherlands. The report considers access to digital cultural heritage and copyright, the role of cultural heritage institutions and their legal framework, availability of tools, and the main provisions of the CC Licenses.
- http://www.ivir.nl/creativecommons/CC_for_cultural_heritage_institutio
ns.pdf
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Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Information Age
National Academy of Science
(Date Created: Oct 2000)
(United States of America)
- A report commissioned by the United States Academy of Sciences (Computer Science and Telecommunications Board) looking at the issues surrounding the application of current intellectual property practices to digital information. Within a number of recommendations it was found necessary to redefine the concepts of publishing and copying against the distribution models of digital materials. The nature of digital information is also allowing it to fall outside of traditional preservation procedures, therefore compromising public access and future scholarly research.
- http://books.nap.edu/catalog/9601.html
- Also available in PDF at http://books.nap.edu/books/0309064996/html/
-
Guidelines for Commonwealth information published in electronic formats
Commonwealth of Australia
(Last Updated: Jan 2000)
(Australia)
- The aim of this document is to provide guidelines which enable Government agencies to fulfill their legal obligations, which include preserving Commonwealth documentary records for future access as routine work practice. This document was superseded by the Australian Government Web Publishing Guide.
- ISBN: 0-642-39895-X
- http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/24804/20031107-0000/www.noie.gov.au/publ
ications/NOIE/info_access_network/master_jan2000_guidelines_pdf.pdf
- Right to Preserve? Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project Final Report
Ayre, Catherine; Muir, Adrienne
(Date Created: Mar 2004)
(United Kingdom)
- This is the final report of the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project which ran from September 2002 to March 2004. This report includes an extensive literature review, chapters on digital publishing and digital collections, preservation activities and policies, rights issues of preservation copying, solutions to the rights issues of digital preservation and recommendations.
- http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/CLDP/Project_reports
.htm
- Links to this report and executive summary as well as other reports available from this URL
- Section 108 Study Group Report : An Independent Report Sponsored by the United States Copyright Office and the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program of the Library of Congress
Section 108 Study Group
(Date Created: Mar 2008)
(United States of America)
- This report (212 p) describes in detail recommendations for changes to Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright law, which provides exceptions for libraries and archives to make copies of copyrighted works to replace or preserve works in their collection, in a digital environment.
- http://www.section108.gov/docs/Sec108StudyGroupReport.pdf
- Section 108 Study Group Report : Executive Summary
Section 108 Study Group
(Date Created: Mar 2008)
(United States of America)
- This Executive Summary (14 p.) of the Section 108 Study Group Report details the Groups recommendations for changes to Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright law, which provides exceptions for libraries and archives to make copies of copyrighted works to replace or preserve works in their collection, in a digital environment.
- http://www.section108.gov/docs/Sec108ExecSum.pdf
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- Creating Museum IP Policy in a Digital World - NINCH Copyright Town Meeting in conjunction with MCN Conference 2002
7 Sep 2002
, Hilton Toronto Hotel, Toronto, Ontario
(Canada)
Reviewed by: Creating Museum IP in a Digital World: NINCH Copyright Town Meeting Sept. 7th, 2002
- http://www.ninch.org/copyright/2002/toronto.html
- Digital Rights and Asset Management : Access and Preservation Forum
19 Oct 2006
, The Seminar Suite Glasgow Metropolitan College, 60 North Hanover Street, Glasgow
Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC)
(United Kingdom)
- The forum will explore whether content is being locked away behind technical protection measures and ask how we can make content accessible while upholding the rights of intellectual property owners. The forum will also highlight digital preservation issues in order to ensuring long term accessibility of digital resources. Presentations available from the web site.
- http://www.dpconline.org/graphics/events/0610dramforum.html
- Third Nordic Conference on Scholarly Communication : Beyond Declarations - The Changing Landscape of Scholarly Communication
24 - 25 Apr 2006
, Star Hotel, Lund
(Sweden)
- Open Access Infrastructure, Intellectual Property Rights, Future financing of Scholarly publishing are some of the conference themes. Powerpoint presentations available from conference website.
- http://www.lub.lu.se/ncsc2006/
- WIPO International Workshop on Digital Preservation and Copyright
, Geneva, Switzerland
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)
(Switzerland)
- WIPO, in cooperation with the International Digital Preservation and Copyright initiative (IDPC), will organize this one-day workshop to survey recent developments and trends at the intersection of digital preservation and copyright. The workshop aims at contributing to the debate among stakeholders and policy makers on how to develop and improve policies and practices that support digital preservation of copyrighted content.
- http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/2008/cr_wk_ge/
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Organisations and Websites
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Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Home Page : CLDP Project
Loughborough University
(Last Updated: 10 Mar 2004)
(United Kingdom)
- "The aim of the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation (CLDP) research project is to investigate whether copyright legislation and licensed access to digital content threaten the ability of libraries to provide long-term access to that content and to suggest ways in which the problems can be overcome." The web site also provides links to the discussion paper "Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation project" and questionnaires which will be used to gauge the awareness of stakeholders of digital preservation issues and detail and identify any problems in this area.
- http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/CLDP/index.htm
-

Digital Millennium Copyright Act Study
United States Copyright Office, Library of Congress
(Date Created: 12 Sep 2001)
(United States of America)
- This web page provides links to the executive summary and full report of the US Copyright Office, Library of Congress, regarding the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Other links also include public and reply comments and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
- http://www.copyright.gov/reports/studies/dmca/dmca_study.html
- Digitization & Preservation Online Resource Center
OCLC
(Date Created: 2003)
- This web site contains a collection of resources relating to digital preservation issues and initiatives, particularly on those relevant to digitisation projects, including links to copyright, preservation (both traditional and digital) and digitisation workshops and international activities in these areas.
- http://digitalcooperative.oclc.org
- DOI System: Developed by The International DOI Foundation (IDF)
International DOI Foundation
(Regularly Updated)
- This is the website of the International Digital Object Identifier Foundation.The DOI is an identification system for intellectual property in the digital environment. Developed by the International DOI Foundation on behalf of the publishing industry, its goals are to provide a framework for managing intellectual content, link customers with publishers, facilitate electronic commerce, and enable automated copyright management. The website includes factsheets, news, publications including the DOI handbook.
- http://www.doi.org/
-

Legal Deposit System Council
National Diet Library (Japan)
(Regularly Updated)
(Japan)
- The purpose of the Council, an advisory panel of outside experts to the Librarian of the Japanese National Diet Library (NDL), is to contribute to the improvement and proper management of the Japanese legal deposit system. Currently the NDL is making preparations for amending the legal deposit system in order to follow the recommendations from the 1999 report titled ‘What the Japanese legal deposit system should be at the approach to the 21st century, focused on publications by electronic media’, which found that CD-ROMS and other electronic publications which fixate information in physical media should be treated as print material under the same legal deposit, while networked electronic material should be excluded from the same legislation and acquired on a contract basis.
- http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/aboutus/deposit_council_book.html
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National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH)
National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH)
(Last Updated: 2004)
(United States of America)
- NINCH aimed to ensure the full participation of the cultural sector in the new digitally networked environment. This site was a source of news, announcements of meetings and conferences and further resources.
- http://www.ninch.org/
- Section 108 Study Group
Library of Congress
(Regularly Updated)
(United States of America)
- The Section 108 Working Group is sponsored by the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) and the U.S. Copyright Office, both part of the Library of Congress. The purpose of this group is recommend changes to copyright law that recognise the need for exceptions to the law for libraries and archives in the digital age. This is especially important for the collection, preservation and accessibility of born digital material. The website has links to the relevant section of the Act as well as background papers and will post any findings and recommendations on how to revise the copyright law in order to ensure an appropriate balance among the interests of creators and other copyright holders, libraries and archives.
- http://www.loc.gov/section108/
- TrustDR: Trust in Digital Repositories
TrustDR
(Last Updated: 2007)
(United Kingdom)
- The TrustDR project aimed to examine the practical issues in setting up digital rights management systems (DRM) in repositories of digital learning objects. It was a 2 year project (June 2005 to May 2007) led by Ulster University and funded by JISC as part of the Digital Repositories Programme. The website includes analysis and links to useful papers, reports relevant to IPR in digital repositories in the UK HE sector.
- http://trustdr.ulster.ac.uk/index.php
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Policies, Strategies & Guidelines
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- Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement - Changes To Australian Copyright Law
Australia. Attorney-General's Dept.
(Last Updated: 26 Apr 2005)
(Australia)
- The site provides an overview of the main changes to Australian copyright law in the wake of the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA). There are also individual information sheets covering topics such as 'New Performers' Rights in Sound Recordings', 'Extension of Copyright Term', and 'Electronic Rights Management Information'.
- http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Publications_Australia-Unite
dStatesFreeTradeAgreement-changestoAustraliancopyrightlaw-March2005
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Cedars guide to intellectual property rights
University of Leeds
(Date Created: Feb 2002)
(United Kingdom)
- One of a series of guides produced by the Cedars project, this publication introduces intellectual property rights issues as they relate to digital preservation. In particular, it provides a discussion of copyright law in the UK and the European Union and some recommendations to institutions acquiring digital materials and those preserving them.
- http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/guideto/ipr/guidetoipr.pdf
- Copyright Issues Relevant to Digital Preservation and Dissemination of Pre-1972 Commercial Sound Recordings by Libraries and Archives
Besek, June M.
(Date Created: Dec 2005)
(United States of America)
- This report was undertaken by CLIR (Council on LIbrary and Information Resources) on behalf of the Library of Congress and the National Recording Preservation Board. Focussing on United States copyright law, this report addresses the question of what libraries and archives are legally empowered to do to preserve and make accessible for research their holdings of pre-1972 commercial recordings, which is not protected by federal copyright law but governed by state laws. The main topics discussed are US copyright law and various state laws, digital preservation and dissemination of sound recordings and technological protection issues. It is hoped that this publication will help in establishing a national audio preservation plan.
- ISBN: 9781932326239
- http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub135/contents.html
- Copyright Law In Australia : A Short Guide
Australia. Attorney-General's Dept.
(Date Created: Jun 2005)
(Australia)
- This guide seeks to provide plain-English answers to frequently asked copyright questions. The content is targeted toward non-specialist readers. Questions include 'What is copyright?', 'What does copyright protect?', 'When is copyright infringed?', and 'How can copyright rights be enforced?'. It also provides links to other organisations dealing with copyright in Australia such as the Australian Copyright Council and IP Australia.
- http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/37952/20070206-0000/www.ag.gov.au/www/ag
d/agd.nsf/Page/Publications_CopyrightlawinAustralia-Ashortguide-June20 05.html
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Copyright Law Review Committee: Copyright and Contract
Copyright Law Review Committee
(Last Updated: 15 Oct 2002)
(Australia)
- A report on the relationship between copyright and contract in the digital environ
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