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Archiving

Limit to: Software archiving | Web archiving

In ensuring persistent access to digital heritage, the complementary processes of archiving and preservation are intertwined. In her paper 'Ensuring Long-Term Access to Online Publications', Margaret Phillips distinguishes between the two activities: archiving involves the identification, collection and provision of access to digital records in their current format, whilst preservation refers to the management of electronic materials so that they remain accessible as technology changes. Nevertheless, the twin processes are difficult to separate and both are included in the discussion of archiving which follows below. To add to this complexity, a coherent understanding of what constitutes a reliable archive for storage of archived materials has proved difficult to define. This is partly due to the diversity of digital record types and archival interests, though a recent joint RLG-OCLC draft report, which documents the work of the Digital Archive Attributes Working Group, has made an important contribution to this area.

The dynamic and ephemeral nature of digital publications presents a special challenge for archiving. Unless persistent identification systems are employed, documents can be moved to new locations without trace or disappear entirely from the web, or incorporate changes to content in a way which can prove difficult to capture and control. In addition, rapid changes in technology mean that documents created in current formats, may be obsolete and inaccessible within a decade. As many electronic documents contain links to or are functionally dependent on other internet locations, guarantees of functionality present added challenges for any archival system. The facility with which electronic documents may be reproduced means that intellectual property rights issues also need to be addressed before materials can be copied. Once electronic records have been collected, archival repositories also require appropriate infrastructures to enable storage, maintenance and access over the long term.

To find answers to such problems, defining work in digital archiving was carried out by the joint Commission on Preservation & Access (CPA)/RLG Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information. Its seminal report, issued in 1996, marked a turning point in thinking about archiving issues, and introduced important recommendations for the attributes of trusted digital repositories. Drawing on the work of the Task Force, the OAIS Reference Model, as developed by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), has provided an influential international standard framework for digital archival systems. The OAIS has been widely adopted, and has been used to inform important undertakings such as the NEDLIB and CEDARS programs. The work of the OAI (Open Archives Initiative) has also made valuable contributions to the development of an interoperable architecture for the various archival systems.

Several other schemes have proved to be important in pioneering new approaches for capture and long-term digital archiving. From its inception in 1996, the Swedish Kulturarw3 (Cultural Heritage Cubed) project has explored methods for the collection, preservation and provision of access to Swedish online documents, based on a model of periodic harvesting of the entire Swedish domain. Adopting a different approach, the National Library of Australia has concurrently created the PANDORA archive, which is an archive of selected Australian online publications deemed to be of national significance and long term research value. In Finland, the EVA archival system to collect, register and store internet publications and ensure their long-term preservation, has been a joint project of libraries, publishers and expert organisations within the country since 1997.

Under this topic are links to resources detailing digital archiving projects, as well as to articles and papers which provide contributions to digital archiving theory.

Text last updated: Jan 2002

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Articles

100-Year Archive DILEMMA
Mearian, Lucas (Date Created: Jul 2005)
"As digital tapes and optical discs pile higher and higher in the cavernous rooms of offsite archive providers, businesses are finding them increasingly expensive to maintain. The storage industry is working on the problems of data archiving from various angles. One solution to the backward-compatibility problem is to convert data to common plain-text formats, such as ASCII or Unicode. Another approach is to use PDF files to store long-term data. On the media side, the Storage Networking Industry Association is working toward solving what it calls the '100-year archive dilemma' through a standards effort for media."
http://www.computerworld.com/hardwaretopics/storage/story/0,10801,1033
82,00.html
Computerworld, Vol. 39, Issue 30 (July 25, 2005)
2007 Australian Federal Election on the Internet
Crook, Edgar (Date Created: Dec 2007) (Australia)
This paper describes the challenge of archiving web sites for the Australian 2007 Federal Election in the PANDORA web archive.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/2007/documents/Election2007.pdf
Historical 2nd ECDL Workshop on Web Archiving
Day, Michael In: Cultivate Interactive (Date Created: Nov 2002)
A report from the 2nd ECDL Workshop on Web Archiving held in Rome on the 19th September 2002 organised by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) and the Vienna University of Technology.
http://www.cultivate-int.org/issue8/ecdlws2/
3rd ECDL Workshop on Web Archiving
Day, Michael In: Ariadne (Date Created: 30 Oct 2003)
A report on the 3rd ECDL Workshop on Web Archives held in Trondheim in August 2003, describing work presented on identifiers, web archiving tools and experiences in web archiving from various countries.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue37/ecdl-web-archiving-rpt/
4th International Web Archiving Workshop
Day, Michael
The 4th International Web Archiving Workshop was held at the University of Bath in September as part of ECDL 2004. This report features a paragraph is on each paper.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue41/ecdl-web-archiving-rpt/
Historical 5th Joint Technical Symposium : Image and Sound Archiving and Access - the challenges of the 3rd Millennium: Abstracts
Joint Technical Symposium/Commission Superieure Technique de l'Image et du Son (Date Created: Jan 2000) (France)
Abstracts of papers and posters presented at this meeting are available in pdf.
http://web.archive.org/web/20041010230730/http://www.cst.fr/jts2000/en
/index.htm
Full proceedings (book or CD-ROM) may be ordered from JTS Paris secretariat: http://www.cst.fr/jts2000/en/index.htm#actes
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Access in the Future Tense
Greenstein, Daniel; Ivey, Bill; Kenney, Anne R.; Lavoie, Brian; Smith, Abby (Date Created: Apr 2004) (United States of America)
This report, based on papers presented at a Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) conference held in May 2003, focuses on preservation and stewardship in the education and research area, including digital preservation of the resources. Preservation topics related to institutional collaboration, cost of maintenance of a digital collection, legal challenges, and policy issues are discussed. Papers include Mapping the Preservation Landscape by Abby Smith ; Library Stewardship in the Digital Age by Daniel Greenstein ; Collection, Preservation and the Changing Resource Base by Anne R. Kenney ; Issues in Intangible Cultural Heritage by Bill Ivey ; Of Mice and Memory : Economically Sustainable Preservation for the Twenty-first Century by Brian Lavoie ; In Support of Long Term Access by Abby Smith.
ISBN: 193232609x
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub126/pub126.pdf
Historical Access to Web Archives: the Nordic Web Archive Access Project
Brygfjeld, Svein Arne (Date Created: 22 Aug 2002) (Scandinavia)
Presented at the 68th IFLA General Conference and Council held in Glasgow, 18-24th August, 2002, this paper describes a prototype access system for access to large-scale web archives, as developed by the Nordic Web Archive Access Project. The project is an initiative of the National Libraries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.
http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/090-163e.pdf
Also available in French at http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/090-163f.pdf
Accountability and Accessibility : Ensuring the Evidence of E-governance in Australia
Cunningham, Adrian; Phillips, Margaret E. (Date Created: Aug 2005) (Australia)
This article is an updated version of a earlier article called Keeping Online Information Accessible for E-governance and E-democracy published in 2004. The article focuses on the need for government agencies and other institutions to ensure that electronic publications and organisational records are collected, managed and preserved as a means of ensuring long-term access for the benefit of e-governance and e-democracy. The article provides definitions of online publications and online records; explores the role of libraries and archives in e-government, including initiatives undertaken at the National Library of Australia and National Archives of Australia; addresses factors that contribute to the vulnerability of online information; and concludes with a list of factors that inhibit the long-term availability of online information for e-governance and e-democracy.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/00012530510612059
Aslib Proceedings, ISSN 0001-253X , vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 301-317. Available via subscription from www.emeraldinsight.com
Acid Free Bits : Recommendations for Long-Lasting Electronic Literature
Montfort, Nick; Wardrip-Fruin, Noah (Date Created: 14 Jun 2004)
The purpose of this article is to raise awareness of preservation issues for the creators of e-literature. The article begins by outlining the principles and methods of creating long lived e-literature. The author encourages the incorporation of preservation activities as part of the creation process or at least an awareness of preservation issues when decisions in the creation process are made, such as the use of non-proprietary systems, formats, and the use of adequate documentation.
http://www.eliterature.org/pad/afb.html
Addressing the Uncertain Future of Preserving the Past: Towards a Robust Strategy for Digital Archiving and Preservation
Stijn Hoorens; Jeff Rothenberg; Constantijn van Oranje; Martin van der Mandele; Ruth Levitt (Date Created: 2007) (Netherlands)
This report prepared for the Koninklijke Bibliotheek reviews the history of digital preservation, the role of National Libraries and publishers and discusses the dynamic environment of scholarly publishing. The report considers the strategy implications for the KB and its e-Depot archive.
http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR510/
Summary and Full document in PDF available for download from http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR510/ also available for sale. RAND (Technical ) Report TR-510-KB
Advancing Geospatial Data Curation
Bose, Rajendra; Reitsma, Femka (Date Created: Nov 2005) (United Kingdom)
This paper delivered at PV 2005 discusses the issues in the emerging discipline of Geospatial data curation.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/events/pv-2005/pv-2005-final-papers/030.pdf
Historical It Always Hurts the First Time: Experiences with Transferred Electronic Records
van Dijk, Marcel In: Cultivate Interactive (Date Created: Feb 2003) (Netherlands)
This case study notes the problems of transferring electronic records to the Amsterdam Public Record Office from a government agency. The study covers issues such as project planning, metadata, various file formats such as e-mails and text files.
http://www.cultivate-int.org/issue9/amsterdammro/
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Historical The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation's e-Journal Archiving Program: Summary of the Projects and their Progress
Digital Library Federation (DLF) (Last Updated: 28 Dec 2001) (United States of America)
An overview of progress to December 2001 of the electronic journal (e-journal) archiving projects under way at the Libraries of Cornell University, Harvard University, MIT, the University of Pennsylvania, the New York Public Library, the LOCKSS system project at the Stanford Libraries and the collaboration between Yale Library and Elsevier Science.
http://www.diglib.org/preserve/ejpreps.htm
Application of Persistent Identifiers as One Approach to Ensure Guarantee Long-Term Availability of Online Theses : the Established Uniform Resource Name (URN) Management at Die Deutsche Bibliothek
Schroeder, Kathrin (Date Created: 2003) (Germany)
This article discusses the implementation, management and structure of URNs at Die Deutsche Bibliothek (German National Library), within the international NBN (National Bibliography Number) name space of national libraries. Practical experiences of URN management including workflows, current activities and examples are also included.
http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/etd2003/schroeder-kathrin/HTML/index.html
Historical Applying the Lessons Learned from Retrospective Archiving to the Digital Archiving Conundrum
Heterick, Bruce (Date Created: 2002) (United States of America)
Since 1995 JSTOR has been converting back issues of paper journals into electronic formats. This article provides an overview of the activities of JSTOR in creating an archive of scholarly journals. Included in the piece is a summary of JSTOR’s mission; an explanation of who contributes and uses the archive; a discussion of principles considered fundamental to digital preservation; and a description of five main challenges in archiving electronic content (rights and responsibilities, content, functionality, migration and business model).
http://iospress.metapress.com/content/1wfdrr1waf8ddax8/
Available in Information Services & Use, Vol 22, Issue 2/3, 2002, pp. 113-120, ISSN 0167-5265
Appraising Digital Records for Long-Term Preservation
Eastwood, Terry (Date Created: Dec 2004)
This article discusses electronic record appraisal from an archival viewpoint but draws inferences that may be helpful in the preservation of other types of data, such as scientific data. The article discusses the various stages and processes of appraisal as a first step in digital preservation. The Appraisal Task Force of the InterPARES project is also outlined.
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/dsj/3/0/202/_pdf
Data Science Journal, ISSN 1683-1470, Vol. 3, 2004, pp. 202-208,
APSR Sustainability Issues Discussion Paper
Bradley, Kevin (Date Created: 28 Jan 2005)
This comprehensive paper examines various aspects of digital sustainability. These include economic aspects, such as costing, funding and business models; technological aspects, such as repositories, formats, bit stream and persistence; and risk and risk management. Also included is a summary of specific issues and their associated tasks. The document also includes an extensive bibliography.
http://www.apsr.edu.au/documents/APSR_Sustainability_Issues_Paper.pdf
Architecture of DAMP : a System for Harvesting and Archiving Web Publications
Milinovic, Miroslav ; Topolscak, Nebojsa (Date Created: Jul 2005) (Croatia)
This article discusses the DAMP project (Digital Archive for Web Publications). DAMP is used to archive Croatian websites. It was developed by The University Computing Centre based at the University of Zagreb (SRCE) and the National and University Library (NUL) in Zagreb. The article discusses the first version of DAMP, including its architecture, the gathering process and future developments such as the instigation of an authentication and authorisation system.
http://widwisawn.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/Issues/Vol3/issue3_3_1.html
WIDWISAWN, Vol. 3, no. 3 (July 2005)
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Archival Data Format Requirements
Christensen, Steen S. (Date Created: Jul 2004) (Denmark)
This document discusses the requirements of the Netarkivet in terms of both file formats and metadata. The document outlines the basic requirements for storage formats that can be used for long term preservation. Different storage formats are then evaluated in relation to Netarkivet specifications and a recommendation for a suitable long term storage format is made.
http://netarkivet.dk/publikationer/Archival_format_requirements-2004.p
df
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Historical The Archive as an Ecosystem
Coleman, David; Martin, Julia In: JEP - The Journal of Electronic Publishing (Date Created: Apr 2002)
This article introduces a new metaphor for the processes in managing the preservation of digital archives, that of the ecosystem, and likens the survival of data against technological change to the processes of evolutionary adaptation - "an ongoing process of selection -- of media platforms, of preservation structures, of migratory patterns " to avoid "data extinction".
http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/07-03/martin.html
Archive Ingest and Handling Test (AIHT) : Final Report
Shirky, Clay (Date Created: Jun 2005) (United States of America)
The Archive Ingest and Handling Test (AIHT) was designed to test a proposed preservation architecture. The test had two phases; phase one tested the transfer from the donating archive and data handling within local systems; phase two tested export and import between the participants. The participants of the project were the Library of Congress, Stanford University, Old Dominion University, Johns Hopkins University and Harvard University Library. A common data set, the George Mason University 9/11 archive, provided the data for the test.
http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/partners/aiht/high/ndiipp_aiht_fina
l_report.pdf
Archive Server DEPOSIT.DBB.DE
Barth, Kristina; Michel, Michaela (Regularly Updated) (Germany)
The German National Library's (Die Deutsche Bibliothek) storage system for the national collection of born digital and born again digital publications. At present German legal deposit law only requires the deposit of static electronic documents, but networked materials are also accepted into the system via voluntary arrangements with publishers. Subject to copyright limitations, the content of the DEPOSIT.DBB.DE archive can be searched and accessed via the Library's gateway and online catalogues.
http://deposit.ddb.de/index_e.htm
Archive With Care
Rees, Peter (Date Created: Jun 2005)
This article covers the problems of a lack of open format standards from the perspective of the research data recorded in ELNs (Electronic Laboratory Notebooks), in particular their use by the pharmaceutical industry. Although formats like PDF/A can solve some problems, there is still reliance on proprietary file formats used in analytical instruments and other scientific software.
http://www.scientific-computing.com/scwmayjun05archive.html
Issue 82 (June 2005), Scientific Computing World
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Archives in the Regions: An overview of the English Regional Archive Strategies
The National Council on Archives (Date Created: 2001) (United Kingdom)
This report draws together the nine English Regional Archive Strategies. A key area of work highlighted in the report is to find solutions for some of the larger challenges currently facing the domain, such as sustainable arrangements for the management and preservation of digital records, and improving access to conservation services across the regions.
http://www.ncaonline.org.uk/materials/archivesinregionsoverview.pdf
Archiving and Accessing Web Pages : the Goddard Library Web Capture Project
Allen, Robert B. ; Anderson, Nikkia; Hodge, Gail; Senserini, Alessandro ; Smith, Daniel In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Nov 2004) (United States of America)
This is a report on capturing intranet web pages by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The aim of the Web Capture project was to ensure the long term preservation of this information, and to extract and index metadata in a format that is searchable. The article discusses how this was achieved including descriptions of system flow, web site selection, and the capture process. Technical limitations of the process are also discussed.
10.1045/november2004-hodge
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november04/hodge/11hodge.html
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Historical Archiving and Preserving PDF Files
Ockerbloom, John Mark In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Feb 2001)
This article examines the long-term preservation of Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) files. Possible migration strategies for PDF documents are outlined and appropriate techniques for archiving are discussed.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp?fileid=0000070519
:000006286321&reqid=15167#feature2
Archiving Archaeological Data -- Is There a Viable Business Model for a U.S. Repository?
Eiteljorg, Harrison (Date Created: 2005) (United States of America)
This article explores the problems of a lack of active digital repositories for archaeological data in the United States. The author proposes that a lack of funding and a viable business model for this type of archive is in part responsible for this situation.
http://csanet.org/newsletter/winter05/nlw0501.html
CSA Newsletter, vol. XVII, no. 3 (Winter 2005)
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Historical Archiving Digital Cultural Artifacts: Organizing an Agenda for Action
Kahle, Brewster; Lyman, Peter In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jul 1998)
In this article, Peter Lyman and Brewster Kahle of the Internet Archive describe the World Wide Web as a new kind of cultural artifact requiring new kinds of management techniques, giving examples of innovative approaches already on the Web. Further technical work is proposed, including developments in legal and data transmission infrastructures, technologies for digital publishing, digital libraries and archives, and time-capsule technologies.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july98/07lyman.html
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Archiving E-mail
Boudrez, Filip; Van den Eynde, Sofie (Date Created: Aug 2002)
A report from the Flemish DAVID Project examining in detail the legal and technical issues related to the preservation of email records, including sections on email archiving policies and practice. The report is available in PDF format.
http://www.expertisecentrumdavid.be/davidproject/teksten/Rapporten/Rep
ort4.pdf
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Historical Archiving Electronic Publications: A report of the NISO/BISG Meeting, January 20, 2002
National Information Standards Organisation (NISO) (Last Updated: 02 Feb 2002)
This report from the ALA Midwinter Conference 2002, provides descriptions of three ongoing electronic archiving projects that "examine cost-effective business models for archiving, explore rights issues, and identify the needed standards". Powerpoint slides by presenters from the respective projects area available.
http://www.niso.org/news/events/niso/past/niso_bisg_rpt/
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Historical Archiving Scientific Data
Buneman, Peter; Khanna, Sanjeev; Tajima, Keishi; Tan, Wang-Chiew (Date Created: Jun 2002)
A paper presented at ACM SIGMOD 2002, describing the development of an archiving tool for XML data that allows retention of all previous states of the data as it changes over time. Meaningful change descriptions, retrieval of specific versions and history over time for any element in the archive are supported. The paper is available in a number of formats.
http://db.cis.upenn.edu/research/ki.html
Historical Archiving the Avant Garde: Documenting and Preserving Variable Media Art
Rinehart, Richard In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: May 2002)
A brief description of "Archiving the Avant Garde: Documenting and Preserving Variable Media Art", a consortium project whose collaborators include the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAM/PFA), the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Walker Art Center, Rhizome.org, the Franklin Furnace Archive and the Cleveland Performance Art Festival and Archive.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may02/05inbrief.html#RINEHART
Archiving the Canadian Web : Experiences at Library and Archives Canada
Lilleniit, Roselyn (Date Created: Aug 2007) (Canada)
This article describes current practices for selection, acquisition, management and accessibility of Canadian web sites at Library and Archives Canada and outlines future plans.
10.1300/J123v53n01_11
http://www.haworthpress.com/store/ArticleAbstract.asp?ID=101558
Available in The Serials Librarian, Vol 53, No 1/2, 20 Aug 2007, pp. 139-149
Archiving the Greek Web
Eirinaki, Magdalini; Jevtuchova, Darija; Lampos, Charalampos; Vazirgiannis, Michalis (Date Created: 2004) (Greece)
This paper describes a project to archive Greek orientated web materials using the domain name (.gr), the Greek language and Greek content as selection criteria. It describes the methodology for archiving, including details on the web crawler and semantic analysis, and presents the results of the experiments.
http://www.iwaw.net/04/Lampos.pdf
Archiving the Icelandic Web
Sigurðsson, Kristinn (Date Created: 16 Sep 2006) (Iceland)
This presentation given at ICA-SUV Seminar in Reykjavik, Iceland on 16 September 2006 gives an update on web archiving in Iceland.
http://www2.hi.is/solofile/1009995
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Historical Archiving the Internet
Kahle, Brewster In: Report on the WWW 8 Conference (Date Created: Apr 1996)
Brewster Kahle discusses his rationale for an Internet Archive of public documents. He gives insights into some of the logistical issues including those of data gathering, cost, access and collecting mandate. It is intended that the Archive will provide resources for research and data analysis.
http://web.archive.org/web/20030605113917re_/www.archive.org/sciam_art
icle.html
Archiving the Slovenian Web : Recent Experiences
Grobelnik, Marko; Kavcic-Colic, Alenka (Date Created: 2004) (Slovenia)
This paper reports on a two year project ending in September 2004 which aimed to develop a national repository for the long term preservation of the Slovenian web. The two main goals of the project were to develop a methodology to archive the Slovenian web and to develop a web crawler to facilitate this.
http://www.iwaw.net/04/Kavcic.pdf
This workshop was held in conjunction with the 8th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technologies for Digital Libraries, September 2004.
Historical Archiving the Web - Some Legal Aspects
Kavcic-Colic, Alenka (Date Created: 21 Aug 2002)
A paper presented at the 68th IFLA General Conference and Council held in Glasgow, 18-24 August, 2002, discussing some legal aspects of archiving publications from the web. Copyright and legal deposit legislation are discussed with regard to rights implications for harvesting, public access and long-term preservation.
http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/116-163e.pdf
Also available in French at http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/116-163f.pdf
Archiving the Web : European Experiences
Hakala, Juha In: Tietolinja News (Date Created: Oct 2003)
This paper was presented at CONSAL XII, 20-23 October 2003, Brunei, and is an updated version of Collecting and Preserving the Web: Developing and Testing the NEDLIB Harvester, published in 2001. It outlines the outcomes of the NEDLIB Harvester Project for the archiving of Web resources. Some of the key issues in using this form of technology for preserving materials on the Web are reviewed. New developments are discussed including the Nordic Web Archive II project and the establishment of the International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC) to develop standards and tools for web archiving.
http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/tietolinja/0203/webarchive.html
Historical Archiving the Web : Political Party Web Sites in the Netherlands
Druiven, Henk; Keyzer, André; Voerman, Gerrit; den Hollander, Frank (Date Created: Jun 2003) (Netherlands)
This article describes the Dutch project Archipol, which archives Dutch political Web sites, and examines why this information may be important to researchers in the future. Also discussed are various international initiatives to archive similar Web sites.
http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=9972863&db=aph
Available in Information Services and Use, vol. 23, issue 1 (2003), ISSN 0167-5265; and by subscription online at www.ebscohost.com
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Historical Archiving the Web: The PANDORA Archive at the National Library of Australia
Cathro, Warwick; Webb, Colin; Whiting, Julie (Date Created: Jun 2001) (Australia)
This paper describes the National Library of Australia's PANDORA web archive. It includes description of the Library's framework for digital collection management, the reasons for a selective approach to web archiving, the archiving processes, persistent identifiers, access control, preservation plans and opportunities for global cooperation and information sharing.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/2001/cathro3.html
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Historical Archiving the World Wide Web
Lyman, Peter In: Building a National Strategy for Digital Preservation: Issues in Digital Media Archiving (Date Created: Apr 2002) (United States of America)
A paper in the series of six environmental scans commissioned as part of the US National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP), this article examines archiving the web from several perspectives. As well as technical issues, such as those involved in defining the digital object, authenticity and provenance and the technologies needed for preservation, the article considers the roles of librarians and computer scientists in managing digital material and organisational issues such as copyright and the responsibility to preserve.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub106/web.html
The collected papers are also available in PDF format via: http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub106abst.html
Archiving Web Site Resources : a Records Management View
Kelly, Brian; Pennock, Marueen (Date Created: 2006)
This brief paper forms part of the poster exhibition at the 15th International World Wide Web Conference in 2006. The paper describes a records management approach to the archiving and maintenance of web sites so that enough metadata is collected on the resource to ensure legal and archival requirements. The authors propose several ways to facilitate this including collaboration between record creators and managers, education and training.
http://www.dcc.ac.uk/docs/WWW2006_Archiving_Web_Site_Resources.pdf
Poster presented at the WWW 2006 conference, Edinburgh Scotland
Archiving Web Sites for Preservation and Access
Guenther, Rebecca (Date Created: Apr 2007) (United States of America)
This article examines the technical challenges in harvesting and managing web archives using as an example the Library of Congress' Minerva project.
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=12&hid=17&sid=a15a30f8-9aa2-
45e7-86ee-d138a9fb323a%40sessionmgr108
Journal of Archival Organization, April 2007, Vol 4 No1-2, p 141-166 and by subscription through EBSCOhost
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Historical Archiving Websites
Boudrez, Filip; Van den Eynde, Sofie (Date Created: Jul 2002) (Belgium)
A report from the Flemish DAVID Project examining the need for archiving of web sites, approaches for collection and management, and a range of legal issues including copyright. The report is available in PDF format.
http://www.expertisecentrumdavid.be/davidproject/teksten/Rapporten/Rep
ort5.pdf
Archiving, Indexing and Accessing Web Materials: Solutions for Large Amounts of Data
Cowart, Charles; Minor, David; Moore, Reagan; Zhu, Bing (Date Created: 23 Jun 2007) (United States of America)
This article describes two different technologies applied by the San Diego Super Computer Centre for archiving, indexing and accessing web archived materials for two projects: Library of Congress/San Diego Supercomputer Center and the National Science Digital Library.
http://iwaw.net/07/IWAW2007_minor.pdf
Paper presented at IWAW 2007.
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Historical Arrangement for Depositing Electronic Publications at the Deposit of Netherlands Publications [sic] in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek
Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Date Created: 1999) (Netherlands)
English text of a general agreement made on 10 June 1999 between the Koninklijke Bibliotheek and the Dutch Publishers' Association for the voluntary deposit of on- and offline electronic publications. The arrangement is experimental in nature, and is to be reviewed on a three-yearly basis, with the first evaluation due on or before 1 July 2002. Importantly, dynamic databases, whilst covered by the compass of the agreement, will not be sought on deposit by the KB until technical and other problems associated with their collection, storage and access are fully understood.
http://www.kb.nl/dnp/overeenkomst-nuv-kb-en.pdf
Historical Aspects of Digital Preservation and Archiving Forum
Research Libraries Group In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Jun 1999)
This is a brief write-up of the Digital Preservation and Archiving Forum which took place 20-21 May 1999 at Emory University. It is mainly a list of words of wisdom.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp?fileid=0000070519
:000006289727&reqid=3897#rlg-news
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Historical Attributes of File Formats for Long Term Preservation of Scientific and Engineering Data in Digital Libraries
Barkstrom, Bruce R.; Folk, Mike (Date Created: 2002)
This paper was produced as part of the Investigating Scientific Data Management Applications with Electronic Records Project sponsored by NARA (National Archives and Records Administration). The paper discusses the characteristics of file formats that can be advantageous in the preservation and storage of scentific and engineering data. File formats are discussed in the context of archival storage and access, usability, data integrity and maintainability and durability.
http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/NARA/Sci_Formats_and_Archiving.doc
Audio Archiving for 100 Years & Longer : Once We Decide What to Save, How Should We Do It?
Gladney, Henry (Date Created: Jul 2001)
Gladney's 10 page letter to the editor of the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society places the issues of audio preservation within the frame and concerns of digital preservation generally. It also provides a critique of current digital preservation approaches. He argues that low cost technology has encouraged the use of digital systems for audio by many libraries and archives but that little attention has been paid to the long term preservation of audio documents. These "incompletely solved challenges", he further states, avail themselves of technical solutions, but that the greatest issues will be economic and political.
http://www.aes.org/journal/suppmat/gladney_2001_7.pdf
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 49, no. 7/8, July/August 2001
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Audiovisual Archiving : Philosophy and Principles
Edmondson, Ray (Date Created: Apr 2004)
This document provides a broad introduction to the basic concepts and issues in audiovisual archives and archiving, and includes an overview of the technical and management issues in preserving audiovisual material.
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001364/136477e.pdf
2nd edition
Audit and Certification of Digital Repositories : Creating a Mandate for the Digital Curation Centre (DCC)
McHugh, Andrew; Ross, Seamus In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Oct 2005) (United Kingdom)
This article provides an introduction to audit and certification in digital repositories. Various issues are discussed including what conditions must be satisfied for a digital repository to attain trusted status, how can a repository formalise its trusted status and gaining an audit and certification mandate. The activities and initiatives of the Digital Curation Centre in regard to audit and certification are also discussed.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file3
025.html#article1
Australian Web Domain Harvests: A Preliminary Quantitative Analysis of the Archive Data
Koerbin, Paul (Date Created: 15 Apr 2008) (Australia)
This report provides a preliminary quantitative analysis of content from three Australian web domain harvests conducted between 2005 and 2007. It reports on the size of the Australian web harvests; number and percentage of hosts and URLs by 2nd level domain; MIME types and changes between the 2006 and 2007 harvests.
http://pandora.nla.gov.au/documents/auscrawls.pdf
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Historical Austrian Online Archive Processing: Analyzing Archives of the World Wide Web
Aschenbrenner, Andreas; Rauber, Andreas; Witvoet, Oliver (Date Created: Sep 2002) (Austria)
A paper describing the use of OLAP technologies (On-Line Analytical Processing) to build a data warehouse of a web archive. Data warehousing allows exploration and analysis of technical aspects of the archive, such as the use of operating systems, scripts and file types, from which inferences of change over time may be drawn.
http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/ifs/research/pub_pdf/rau_ecdl02.pdf
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Authenticity of Electronic Records : a Report Prepared for UNESCO and the International Council on Archives
Millar, Laura (Date Created: Jan 2004)
This report, prepared for UNESCO and the International Council on Archives (ICA), extends the analysis and recommendations of the 2002 ICA report to UNESCO on authenticity of electronic records, especially with regard to developing countries. The central question addressed by this report is: what measures are necessary for records and archives professionals, especially in developing countries, to ensure the authenticity of electronic records and so ensure the preservation of, and continued access to this information.
http://www.ica.org/en/node/30209
ICA Study 13-2
Automating Online Delivery of Database Content : an Open-Source XML- Based Alternative
Berko, Monica; Wong, David (Date Created: Jul 2005)
One of the goals of the Deep Web working group of the IIPC (International Internet Preservation Consortium) was to develop a web-based access tool to search and navigate structured data archives, stored as XML, which are the long-term preservation copies of deposited databases and document archives. This paper describes the development of a public domain tool to provide access to archived databases. It describes the background and search for this type of software and examines several alternatives, including Xing and Xedit.
http://ausweb.scu.edu.au/aw05/papers/refereed/berko/paper.html
Paper presented at the Ausweb Conference, July 2-5, 2005 at the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Automating Preservation : New Developments in the PRONOM Service
Brown, Adrian In: Research Libraries Group (RLG) (Date Created: 15 Apr 2005) (United Kingdom)
PRONOM 4 is due to be launched in June 2005. This article discusses the revisions and enhancements available in the new version, including technical registry enhancements, automatic file format identification and the development of PRONOM unique identifiers (PUI).
http://www.rlg.org/en/page.php?Page_ID=20571#article2
Barriers or Stepping Stones? : Impediments to Digital Archiving and Preservation Programs
Webb, Colin In: CLIR issues (Date Created: 2003) (Australia)
This article provides a brief overview of the impediments that the National Library of Australia has encountered in developing its digital preservation programs, including lack of expertise, costs and a lack of suitable preservation management tools. Mr Webb postulates that these barriers may well appear as stepping stones when viewed retrospectively.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/issues/issues34.html#webb
Bits and Bites of Data Formats : Stainless Design for Digital Endurance
Aschenbrenner, Andreas In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Feb 2004)
This paper analyses the use of XML as a preservation format, particularly in those areas which may be problematic. The article discusses the ideal design criteria for the development data types and then concentrates on the shortcomings or concerns of XML in preserving data formats.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file3
683.html#article2
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Blog Today, Gone Tomorrow? Preservation of Weblogs
Entlich, Richard In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Aug 2004)
Blogs (weblogs) are a recent development on the Internet and they are becoming more popular as a communication tool. The article outlines the nature and ephemeral life of weblogs and how content can be lost, and also looks at the nascent efforts to preserve them.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObject.jsp?objid=0000070519&reqi
d=4139
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Historical Blueprint for Representation Information in the OAIS model
Holdsworth, David; Sergeant, Derek In: Cedars : Curl Exemplars in Digital Archives Project
This paper describes the current scheme for representation information employed in the CEDARS project.
http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~ecldh/cedars/nasa2000/nasa2000.html
Brewster Kahle on the Internet Archive and People's Technology
Rein, Lisa (Date Created: 22 Jan 2004) (United States of America)
In this interview, Brewster Kahle, the founder of the Internet Archive, discusses the philosophy and direction of the Archive. Also discussed are projects in collaboration with the Library of Congress, the implementation of new technologies and some common difficulties in archiving certain files and websites.
http://www.openp2p.com/lpt/a/4563
Historical British Library Strategic Developments
Brindley, Lynne (Date Created: Apr 2003) (United Kingdom)
This article, based on a paper given at the 26th UKSG (United Kingdom Serials Group) Conference in April 2003, looks at recent strategic developments at the British Library (BL). As well as exploring the factors that have influenced such strategies, the author also addresses the new roles of the BL in relation to the areas of digital acquisition, digital article services and digital preservation and archiving. Included in the article is an overview of the current legal deposit (2003) situation in the UK in relation to digital materials, as well as a summary of the BL’s digital infrastructure development.
http://wotan.liu.edu/dois/data/Articles/serserialy:2003:v:16:i:2:p:125
-129.html
In Serials The Journal for the Serials Group, (ISSN 0953-0460) Vol. 16, No. 2, July 2003, pp. 125-129. Subscription also available online http://pippo.ingentaselect.com
Building a Digital Archive : a Dutch Experience
Horsman, Peter; Pompe, Klaartje In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Dec 2005) (Netherlands)
This article describes a project to develop a digital repository for the long term preservation of the digital contents of the Municipal Archives of Rotterdam. The project is a collaboration between the Archives and the Netherlands Archives School. The article outlines the processes and objectives over 2 years, including the project management technique of 'time boxing'; migration of documents to XML; system design; and testing DSpace. The article ends with some observations on open source software.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file3
502.html#article2
Historical Building A Digital Library Of Television News
Breeding, Marshall (Date Created: Jun 2003) (United States of America)
This article is a brief overview of the processes involved in establishing a digital archive of television news videotapes at the Vanderbilt Television News Archives in the USA. The author examines some technical apects of converting and preserving the videotape into a digital format; explains the different phases of the project, such as the creation of metadata and the establishment of the digitisation process; and provides an overview of the costs and challenges facing the project.
http://www.librarytechnology.org/ltg-displaytext.pl?RC=10346
Also available in PDF version, Computers in Libraries, June 2003, Vol 23, Issue 6, ISSN 1041-7915 and by subscription online at www.ebscohost.com/
Building a Digital Preservation Archive: Tales From the Front
Caplan, Priscilla (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United States of America)
This article concentrates on the development of a digital archive by the Florida Centre for Library Automation (FCLA). The FCLA supports the libraries of public universities in Florida and initiated the FCLA digital archive (FDA) as a means of assisting such libraries in the preservation of digital collections. At the time of writing (2004) the FDA had been under development for about a year, and the author describes the background and different stages of the project, provides an overview of the archive’s functional design and highlights how action plans and preservation strategies have had to be modified since the initial stages of the project.
10.1108/03055720410530988
http://ninetta.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410530988
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 38-42, ISSN 0305-5278 (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One).
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Historical Building a National Strategy for Digital Preservation: Issues in Digital Media Archiving
Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) (Date Created: Apr 2002) (United States of America)
A collection of papers commissioned by the Library of Congress and the Council on Library and Information Resources as a background to developing the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program. Topics of the papers covered "six principal areas in which the LC faces collection-management issues: large Web sites, electronic books, electronic journals, digitally recorded sound, digital film, and digital television."
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub106abst.html
Also available in PDF format at http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub106/pub106.pdf
Historical Building Digital Archives for Scientific Information
Solla, Leah In: Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship (Date Created: Nov 2002) (United States of America)
A brief article describing projects at Cornell University Library investigating digital archiving and preservation issues and the role for libraries. Projects covered include those investigating web resources (PRISM), electronic journals (Project Harvest) and similar projects in subject areas such as mathematics and physics. The aim for a common deposit system is noted.
http://www.istl.org/02-fall/article2.html
Building on Our Strengths : Digital Archiving, Preservation and Access : Report of the Digital Archiving, Preservation and Access Task Force
DAPA Task Force (Date Created: 25 Mar 2005) (United States of America)
This report surveys digital preservation needs and proposes to use the technical architecture of an 'institutional repository' to meet digital archiving needs and to offer repository services to members of the George Mason University community
http://u2.gmu.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/1920/16/1/dapa_final_report.pd
f
Building Preservation Functionality in a Digital Archive : the National Library of the Netherlands
Bellekom, Chris (Date Created: Oct 2004) (Netherlands)
This article describes the activities of the National Library of the Netherlands (Koninklijke Bibliotheek - KB) to ensure the long term preservation of digital materials. It includes the e-Depot, the development of a preservation manager to store and use the technical metadata in the e-depot and the UVC for images.
http://www.ingentaselect.com/rpsv/cw/alpsp/09531513/v17n4/s3/p275
in Learned Publishing, Vol. 17, no. 4 (October 2004), ISSN 0953-1513. pp. 275-280.
Can We Save Our Audio-visual Heritage?
Teruggi, Daniel In: Ariadne (Date Created: 30 Apr 2004)
PrestoSpace is the new FP6 integrated project, a major international initiative seeking to find preservation solutions for analogue media. The Programme deals with different components essential for preservation including restoration, storage, archive management and description (metadata). PestoSpace covers digital preservation of all types of audio-visual collections.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/teruggi/
The Canadian Digital Information Strategy
Library and Archives Canada (Date Created: Oct 2007) (Canada)
Draft consultation version October 2007 of the Canadian Digital Information Strategy. The Strategy puts forward three broad opportunities: strengthening digital content; ensuring preservation for ongoing access; and maximising access and use. Specific objectives and proposed actions are outlined. Collaboration within a common framework is recommended.
http://www.collectionscanada.ca/cdis/012033-1000.01-e.html
Available online as full text and PDF. comments due by 23 Nov 2007
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CEDARS Project Report: April 1998 - March 2001
CEDARS Project Team (Date Created: Jun 2001) (United Kingdom)
The report of the first three years of the CEDARS project, a focussed investigation into digital preservation issues. The report comprises an overview of the CEDARS demonstrator archive established across the CEDARS partners, the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Leeds, and contains case studies for a variety of deposited digital materials and basic recommendations for use of migration and emulation as preservation strategies. The report also provides guidance and recommendations on organisational and management issues. The full report is available for download as PostScript or PDF.
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/OurPublications/cedarsrepmar01exec.html
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CEDARS Summative Evaluation: Final Report, April 2001
Coutts, Margaret; Owen, John Mackenzie; Veling, Solke (Date Created: Apr 2001) (United Kingdom)
A summative evaluation of the first three years of the CEDARS project, examining objectives and outcomes and aiming to provide guidance for the final extension year of the project. The report is provided as a Microsoft Word document.
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/admin/sumeval.doc
Historical CFP : Call For Preservation! : Results and discussion of a survey on the preservation of Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Libner, Kelsey (Date Created: 2003) (United States of America)
The first part of this paper discusses the results of a survey of 16 institutions regarding practices for the long term preservation of ETDs (electronic theses and dissertations). Data migration, preservation policies, electronic file backup and workflows are some of the areas surveyed. The second part of the paper discusses the file formats, particularly PDF and PDF/A. Areas requiring further investigation are also discussed.
http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/etd2003/libner-kelsey/HTML/index.html
Historical Challenge of Web Site Records Preservation
Phillips, John T. (Date Created: Jan 2003)
This article expains the need for web site records management and retention, examines the challenges of web site records preservation management and discusses solutions to these problems. The ariticle also describes studies and documents that attempt to quantify and describe the problems of web site preservation.
http://www.arma.org/bookstore/productdetail.cfm?ProductID=1222
Information Management Journal, (ISSN 1535-2897), Vol. 37, no. 1, January/February 2003 and by subscription online at www.ebscohost.com
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Some Challenges and Issues in Managing and Preserving Access to Long-Lived Collections of Scientific and Technical Data
Anderson, W. L. (Date Created: Dec 2004)
This report summarises the major archiving, preservation and access issues for scientific and technical data as identified by an ad hoc working group of the U.S. National Committee for CODATA. The author divides these issues into four categories: science-based issues, including interoperability and compatiblity of the various types of science data (e.g. observational, experimental and computer generated data); data management issues, including selection and appraisal; policy issues, such as access and copyright; and technical issues including the volume of data and the diversity of formats.
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/dsj/3/0/191/_pdf
Data Science Journal, ISSN 1683-1470, Vol. 3, December 2004, pp. 191-202.
Characteristics of .au Websites: An Analysis of Large-Scale Web Crawl Data from 2005
Ackland, Robert; Bailey, Peter; Spink, Amanda (Date Created: 02 Jul 2007) (Australia)
This paper provides a preliminary analysis of .au domain websites collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in 2005. It is a first step in the planned ".au Census" project.
http://ausweb.scu.edu.au/aw07/papers/refereed/spink/paper.html
Paper presented at AusWeb07, the thirteenth Australasian World Wide Web Conference, Coffs Harbour NSW 30 June - 4 July 2007
Historical Climbing the scholarly publishing mountain with SHERPA
MacColl, John; Pinfield, Stephen In: Ariadne (Last Updated: 11 Oct 2002) (United Kingdom)
A paper discussing the UK-based SHERPA project funded to create OAI –compliant ”e-print” repositories through self-archiving in the Higher education sector and acknowledging and addressing the associated management, intellectual property rights, digital preservation and technical issues.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue33/sherpa/
Historical CODATA Work on Archiving Scientific Data
Anderson, William L. (Date Created: 2002)
This article describes the objectives and activities of CODATA (Committee on Data for Science and Technology), which is part of the International Council of Science (ICSU). CODATA focusses on data management challenges of preserving primary data, of which much more is generated than is published. Various activities such as the International CODATA conferences, the development of a web portal focussing on archiving science and technology data, and the data archiving task group objectives are discussed.
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=639445.639449
Available in Information Services and Use, vol. 22, issue 2/3 (2002), ISSN 0167-5265 and by subscription online at www.ebscohost.com
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Historical Code of Practice for the Voluntary Deposit of Non-Print Publications
The British Library (Last Updated: 04 May 2001) (United Kingdom)
This code sets out the agreed practice for the voluntary deposit of non-print physical format publications in the United Kingdom. The arrangement, which came into effect in January 2000, received the endorsement of the various UK publisher trade bodies and legal deposit libraries, and is intended to guide interim practice before new legislation is drafted. The code also recognises the challenges for the deposit of static and dynamic online publications, and examines some of the issues associated with long term access and preservation.
http://www.bl.uk/aboutus/stratpolprog/legaldep/voluntarydeposit/
1999 Revised Version available at National Library of Scotland website http:///www.nls.uk/professional/legaldeposit/nonprint/code.html
Historical Collaboration between RLG and OCLC With Digital Archiving Initiatives
Bellinger, Meg; Dale, Robin In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Dec 2001) (United States of America)
An interview with Robin Dale of the Research Libraries Group and Meg Bellinger of OCLC Digital & Preservation Resources, in which they discuss the collaboration of RLG and OCLC in digital archiving initiatives, including the joint preservation metadata intiative, characterisation of reliable digital archives and long-term digital archiving programs. Anticipated future collaborations and perceived obstacles to digital preservation are also noted.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp?fileid=0000070513
:000006283523&reqid=15040#interview
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Collecting and Managing Web Resources for Long-Term Access : Web Harvesting and Guidelines to Support Preservation (ICABS Actions 3.3 and 3.4)
Gatenby, Pam (Date Created: 2004) (Australia)
This paper outlining the National Library of Australia’s recent contributions to the advancement of understanding of international Web archiving issues, was presented at the 70th IFLA Conference in August 2004. The NLA’s work on web harvesting and the preservation of digital materials as part of its ICABS responsibilities are detailed, together with its involvement in the International Internet Preservation Consortium’s (IIPC) Deep Web Working Group.
http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/026e-Gatenby.pdf
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Historical Collecting and Preserving the Web : Developing and Testing the NEDLIB Harvester
Hakala, Juha In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Apr 2001)
This article by Juha Hakala outlines the outcomes of the NEDLIB Harvester Project for the archiving of Web resources. Some of the key issues in using this form of technology for preserving materials on the Web are reviewed.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file1
424.html#feature2
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Historical Collecting and Preserving the Web : The Minerva Prototype
Arms, William Y. In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Apr 2001) (United States of America)
This article, by William Arms (Cornell University), Roger Adkins, Cassy Ammen and Allene Hayes (Library of Congress), describes the Library of Congress' Minerva Project (Mapping the INternet the Electronic Resources Virtual Archive). The main features of Minerva are described, and suggestions for a full-scale preservation system explored.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file1
424.html#feature1
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Historical Collecting and Preserving the World Wide Web : a Feasibility Study Undertaken for the JISC and Wellcome Trust
Day, Michael (Date Created: 25 Feb 2003)