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Metadata

Limit to: Preservation metadata

Metadata is structured information that describes resources. While the resources are interesting to the end user, the metadata is helpful to the people or programs that have to manage the information. Catalogue records for library materials are a common example of metadata. Usually the metadata describes the content, physical description, location, type and form of the information, and information necessary for management including migration history, expiry dates, security, authentication, file formats and relationship with other versions.

The use of well-developed standardised (yet extensible) metadata schemes should facilitate the discovery, use and management of digital information. Ideally, providing metadata should be an integral part of creating documents. So, we need a standard set of metadata that is simple enough for easy use by creators and maintainers of digital information, yet sufficiently descriptive to help users locate the resources. One attempt at such an objective, the Dublin Core, lists fifteen elements that describe the essential features of documents and artifacts and can be used as a basis for specialised metadata schemes.

The Digital Library Forum (DLF) Systems Architecture Committee describes three different types of metadata as stated in the Making of America II (MOAII) Testbed Project White Paper:

  1. Descriptive Metadata which is used in the discovery and identification of an object. Examples include MARC and Dublin Core records.
  2. Structural Metadata which is used to display and navigate a particular object for a user and includes the information on the internal organization of that object. Structural metadata could exist on various levels of complexity. For example: a given diary has three volumes:
    - volume one is comprised of two sections called dated entries and accounts respectively;
    - the entry section has two-hundred entries;
    - entry twenty is dated August 4th , 1890 and starts on page fifty of volume one.
  3. Administrative Metadata which represents the management information for the object: the date it was created, its content file format (JPEG, JTIP, etc.), rights information, etc. Another form of administrative metadata, the A-Core, has been proposed to facilitate the administration of metadata.

The boundaries of these three types of metadata however are not necessarily distinct from each other, nor exclusive of other types of metadata. Preservation Metadata, for example, although described by Michael Day as a specialised form of Administrative Metadata, has received specific attention recently, and can also include elements that may be considered Structural Metadata by definition. Preservation Metadata is the most relevant metadata category to the preservation of access to digital materials and is covered in more depth on its own resource page on the PADI site.

Descriptive Metadata designed for resource discovery assists in the process of retrieving information by enabling users to initially discover the existence of the information, to locate it and then to determine if it is the information that they want.

Types of metadata schemes currently used for networked electronic documents are:

  • automatically generated indexes used by in-house software and locater services such as WebCrawler, Alta Vista, Open Text, Lycos etc;
  • metadata applied by creators, indexers or cataloguers such as Dublin Core or cataloguing records, such as MARC (Machine Readable Catalogue - from the Machine-Readable Bibliographic Information Committee)

Metadata can be stored within the resource it describes (eg file formats that support decriptive headers), separate from the resource (eg an external catalogue) or separate but linked to the resource (eg a file linked with the digital object in a repository structure).

An example of storing the metadata with the resource is a World Wide Web (WWW) page. The standard for WWW allows metadata about the page to be embedded within the page. This embedded metadata is not seen when the page is viewed. The advantage of embedding the metadata within the resource is the tight coupling between the metadata and the resource. Whenever the resource is copied or moved, the metadata goes with it. Whenever the resource is modified, the metadata may be modified as well. When the resource is deleted, the metadata goes away as well.

The alternative is to store the metadata and the resources on separate servers. Since the metadata is normally much smaller than a resource, this means that a single server can store a large amount of metadata. This makes searching more efficient: fewer servers need to be accessed to search the metadata. The disadvantage of separating the metadata and the resource is that the automatic linkage is lost. A resource could be copied, moved, deleted or modified without modifying the associated metadata.

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Articles

Long-term Preservation of Digital Humanities Scholarship
Cantara, Linda (Date Created: 2006)
Digital preservation metadata requirements of digital humanities resources.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=A
rticle&contentId=1541922
2003 RLG-CIMI Symposium : Ready to Wear : Metadata Standards to Suit Your Project
Research Libraries Group (Date Created: 29 Jul 2003)
This is a report of a forum sponsored by RLG (Research Libraries Group) and the CIMI Consortium held May 12-12, 2003. The forum discuess the major metadata standards.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObject.jsp?objid=0000070504&reqi
d=15060
Archival Metadata
Duff, Wendy; van Ballegooie, Marlene In: DCC Digital Curation Manual (Date Created: May 2006)
The purpose of this instalment of the DCC Digital Curation Manual is 'to provide an introduction to archival metadata and its potential in supporting the preservation and reuse of digital data and information.' It also explains some of the ways in which archival metadata may be able to support preservation requirements and highlights a number of initiatives such as InterPARES 2 and the Victoria Electronic Records Strategy. Future developments such as automated metadata extraction are also discussed.
http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resource/curation-manual/chapters/archival-metada
ta/
Also available in pdf
Audio Archiving for 100 Years & Longer : Once We Decide What to Save, How Should We Do It?
Gladney, Henry (Date Created: Jul 2001)
Gladney's 10 page letter to the editor of the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society places the issues of audio preservation within the frame and concerns of digital preservation generally. It also provides a critique of current digital preservation approaches. He argues that low cost technology has encouraged the use of digital systems for audio by many libraries and archives but that little attention has been paid to the long term preservation of audio documents. These "incompletely solved challenges", he further states, avail themselves of technical solutions, but that the greatest issues will be economic and political.
http://www.aes.org/journal/suppmat/gladney_2001_7.pdf
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 49, no. 7/8, July/August 2001
Australian METS Profile - a Journey about Metadata
Pearce, Judith; Pearson, David; Williams, Megan; Yeadon, Scott In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: 17 Mar 2008) (Australia)
This article describes the development of the Australian METS Profile a generic profile designed to support the collection and access to content in Australian digital repositories. The profile was registered in December 2007 and a subprofile, The Australian METS Journal Profile, in early 2008.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march08/pearce/03pearce.html
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Historical Automated Digitisation of Printed Material for Everyone: The METADATA ENGINE Project
Mühlberger, Günter In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Jun 2002)
This article provides an overview of the principle and workflow of an automated digitisation and metadata generation system, developed by the European Union METADATA ENGINE Project co-ordinated by the University of Innsbruck. The system is capable of automatically creating both administrative and structural metadata for digitised material by combining systematic analysis of documents and layout, a database of rules based on a "grammar" of books and journals, and optical character recognition (OCR) and segmentation and heirarchical ordering technology.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp?fileid=0000070519
:000006287741&reqid=3550#feature1
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Automatic Exposure: Capturing Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images
Research Libraries Group (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United States of America)
This article explores a Research Libraries Group (RLG) initiative that seeks to enable cultural heritage institutions capture the data elements proposed by the draft standard, NISO Z39.87 Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images. This standard provides a set of data elements, essential to an institution’s ability to manage and preserve its digital images. Included in the article are ways cultural heritage institutions are dealing with the capture of technical metadata and gives examples of harvesting tools that have been employed by cultural heritage institutions world-wide.
http://www.oclc.org/programs/ourwork/past/automaticexposure/ae_whitepa
per_2003.pdf
Historical Building A Digital Library Of Television News
Breeding, Marshall (Date Created: Jun 2003) (United States of America)
This article is a brief overview of the processes involved in establishing a digital archive of television news videotapes at the Vanderbilt Television News Archives in the USA. The author examines some technical apects of converting and preserving the videotape into a digital format; explains the different phases of the project, such as the creation of metadata and the establishment of the digitisation process; and provides an overview of the costs and challenges facing the project.
http://www.librarytechnology.org/ltg-displaytext.pl?RC=10346
Also available in PDF version, Computers in Libraries, June 2003, Vol 23, Issue 6, ISSN 1041-7915 and by subscription online at www.ebscohost.com/
Building a Robust Knowledge Base for Digital Formats
Ockerbloom, John Mark (Date Created: 21 Apr 2004) (United States of America)
FRED (Format REgistry Demonstrator) is a proof-of-concept prototype format registry which is part of the Mellon-funded TOM (Typed Object Model) project. This is a brief overview of FRED and includes characteristics of the registry, how formats are described and future challenges.
http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:MS2-0fFViSkJ:www.diglib.org/forum
s/spring2004/powerpoint/ockerbloom0404.ppt+Building+a+Robust+Knowledge
+Base+for+Digital+Formats&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1
Can We Save Our Audio-visual Heritage?
Teruggi, Daniel In: Ariadne (Date Created: 30 Apr 2004)
PrestoSpace is the new FP6 integrated project, a major international initiative seeking to find preservation solutions for analogue media. The Programme deals with different components essential for preservation including restoration, storage, archive management and description (metadata). PestoSpace covers digital preservation of all types of audio-visual collections.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/teruggi/
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Capturing Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images
Dale, Robin L.; Waibel, Günter In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Oct 2004)
This article examines the importance of technical metadata in the preservation of digital images. It describes NISO (National Information Standards Organization) Z39.87 and the documentation of file formats, the development of a data dictionary independent of file formats by PREMIS, the automatic exposure initiative which will automate technical metadata collection and emerging developments in archival file formats.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObject.jsp?objid=0000070519&reqi
d=3826
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Historical Cedars Metadata Brainstorming : A Report From a Meeting : Cedars Project Document AIS03
Day, Michael, Metadata Officer, UKOLN (Last Updated: 18 Jun 1999)
A report from a meeting held in the Royal Historical Society Meeting Room, Main Library, University College London, 24 May 1999.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/cedars/papers/ais03/
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CEDARS Project Report: April 1998 - March 2001
CEDARS Project Team (Date Created: Jun 2001) (United Kingdom)
The report of the first three years of the CEDARS project, a focussed investigation into digital preservation issues. The report comprises an overview of the CEDARS demonstrator archive established across the CEDARS partners, the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Leeds, and contains case studies for a variety of deposited digital materials and basic recommendations for use of migration and emulation as preservation strategies. The report also provides guidance and recommendations on organisational and management issues. The full report is available for download as PostScript or PDF.
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/OurPublications/cedarsrepmar01exec.html
Historical Collaboration between RLG and OCLC With Digital Archiving Initiatives
Bellinger, Meg; Dale, Robin In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Dec 2001) (United States of America)
An interview with Robin Dale of the Research Libraries Group and Meg Bellinger of OCLC Digital & Preservation Resources, in which they discuss the collaboration of RLG and OCLC in digital archiving initiatives, including the joint preservation metadata intiative, characterisation of reliable digital archives and long-term digital archiving programs. Anticipated future collaborations and perceived obstacles to digital preservation are also noted.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp?fileid=0000070513
:000006283523&reqid=15040#interview
Data Dictionary for Preservation Metadata : Final Report of the PREMIS Working Group
PREMIS (PREservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies) Working Group (Date Created: May 2005) (United States of America)
In 2003, the OCLC and RLG established the PREMIS Working group of which this is the final 237 page report. The report explains and contextualises the data dictionary which is a set of core preservation metadata applicable to digital preservation. Included in the report are the data model, the PREMIS Data Dictionary version 1.0 and examples for describing various media.
http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/pmwg/premis-final.pdf
Developing a Digital Preservation Strategy at Edinburgh University Library
Semple, Najla (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United Kingdom)
This article concentrates on a digital preservation pilot project developed at the Edinburgh University Library. It not only provides the background to the project, but includes descriptions of preservation metadata schema, the main features of the Library’s OAIS -based pilot archive, its integration of the METS standard, as well as plans for merging both METS and OAIS into the Library’s new digital object management system.
http://oberon.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410530979
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 33-37, ISSN 0305-5278 (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One).
Developing a Trusted Digital Repository: the OCLC Experience
Lawson, Dawn; Spies, Phyllis B (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United States of America)
This article focuses on the OCLC’s (Online Computer Library Centre) experience in developing a digital archive. The development of standards for digital archiving and preservation metadata with RLG (Research Libraries Group) in defining the main attributes of a trust digital repository is described, as are the main tools and functions of the archive including the harvest, ingest and dissemination of archived objects. The Connecticut State Library’s use of OCLC’s Web archiving tools is also discussed.
http://ninetta.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410530960
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 27-32, ISSN 0305-5278 (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One).
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Historical Digital Asset Management Systems for the Cultural and Scientific Heritage Sector
DigiCULT Consortium (Date Created: Dec 2002)
The second of three thematic issue papers from the Preservation and Enhancement of Cultural Heritage Unit of the Information Society Directorate General of the European Commission Digital Assett Management Systems (DAMS) and their role in the cultural and scientific heritage communities. The journal includes papers that argue the need for DAMS to create renewable resources that can be managed through their entire life cycle, as well as listing system benifits and shortcoming of DAMS in the cultural heritage community. System designers, curators, digital collection managers and exponents of digitisation consider the role of the systems in the different sectors and highlight differing understandings and expectations.
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/thematic_issue_2_021204_low_resolut
ion.pdf
Historical Digital Preservation : an Introduction to the Standards Issues Surrounding the Deposit of Non-Print Publications
Bide, M., Potter, E. J. , Watkinson, A. (Date Created: Sep 1999) (United Kingdom)
This study aims to focus attention on the issues surrounding legal deposit of electronic publications in the United Kingdom. The report defines electronic publications, how they should be selected for legal deposit and provides an outline of digital preservation strategies. The study provides a good summary of relevant digital preservation issues, focussing on legal deposit.
http://www.bic.org.uk/digpres.doc
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Historical Digital Preservation: The Australian Experience
Woodyard, Deborah (Date Created: Oct 2000) (Australia)
This paper, presented at the 3rd Digital Library Conference: Positioning the Fountain of Knowledge, discusses how and what is being digitally preserved in Australia. Current projects include standardizing metadata and preserving audio collections and electronic publications. Cooperative projects, such as PANDORA and PADI are two of the projects mentioned.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/dw001004.html
Historical Digitisation of Library Materials: Report of the Concertation Meeting and Workshop held in Luxembourg 14 December 1998
European Commission. Directorate General XIII-E/4. Telematics for Libraries. Ed. Marc Fresko, Applerace Ltd. (Date Created: Jan 1999) (Luxembourg)
Proceedings of a Concertation Meeting and Workshop organised by the European Commission, Directorate General XIII-E/4, Telematics for Libraries which brought together many with experience in creating digital copies of materials held in libraries. A discussion of metadata for managing digital objects is included as is a comparative study of digital preservation guidelines.
ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/ist/docs/digicult/digit.pdf
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Historical Disclosing Digital Cultural Wealth: Museums and the Open Archives Initiative
Perkins, John In: Cultivate Interactive (Date Created: Feb 2002)
The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) develops and promotes technical standards to allow the creation of metadata repositories that can be further harvested and processed. This article provides a broad overview of the testing of the OAI protocol by the Consortium for the Interchange of Museum Information (CIMI), as well as noting other implementers in the museum community and directions for further research.
http://www.cultivate-int.org/issue6/cimi/
Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1: Reference Description
This is a Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Recommendation which defines the DC elements. Publication as a recommendation signifies that the specifications are stable and are supported for adoption by the Dublin Core community.
http://purl.org/DC/documents/rec-dces-19990702.htm
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Historical Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Progress Report and Workplan for 2002
Dekkers, Makx ; Dublin Core Metadata Initiative; Weibel, Stuart L. In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Feb 2002)
This report summarizes the accomplishments and changes that took place in the Initiative during 2001 and outlines the workplan for 2002.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february02/weibel/02weibel.html
Historical E-Mail-XML Demonstrator: Technical Description
Testbed Digitale Bewaring (Date Created: Oct 2002) (Netherlands)
This report describes the prototype software developed by the Dutch Testbed Digitale Bewaring project in its investigations of the issues of long-term preservation of email messages. The solution is based on customisation of Microsoft Outlook to allow communication with a central server responsible for metadata collection, conversion and archiving of both messages and metadata in XML. The report is in PDF format.
http://www.digitaleduurzaamheid.nl/bibliotheek/docs/email-demo-en.pdf
ERPANET Workshop: XML as a Preservation Strategy - Papers
ERPANET
Presentations from the ERPANET Workshop of XML as a Preservation Strategy, held in Urbino, Italy, 9-11 October, 2002. Various experiences to date and potential roles for XML in preservation of digital information are covered.
http://www.erpanet.org/events/2002/urbino/index.php
Historical Guidance on expressing the Dublin Core within the Resource Description Framework (RDF)
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (Date Created: 1 Jul 1999)
This document is a Working Draft of the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative and describes how Dublin Core offers a means by which diverse resources might be described for discovery in an interdisciplinary context, and XML/RDF provides the structure for unambiguous expression of this information.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/resources/dc/datamodel/WD-dc-rdf/
Historical IASSIST 2000 : Data in the Digital Library: social, spatial, and government data services: Electronic Presentation Archive
University of Chicago (Date Created: Jun 2000) (United States of America)
Presentations at the 26th conference of the International Association for Social Science Information Services and Technology (IASSIST) related to managing, preserving and providing access to digital collections in archives and libraries.
http://www.src.uchicago.edu/datalib/ia2000/presentations/presentation.
htm
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Identifying Metadata Elements with URIs : the CORES Resolution
Baker, Thomas; Dekkers, Makx In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jul 2003)
At a November 2002 meeting, the CORES Project (Information Society Technologies Programme, European Union) passed a resolution to assign Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to metadata elements of several major metadata standards, including DOI, Dublin Core, GILS and ONIX. This article presents the text of the resolution and then summarises the position of organisations that maintain the metadata standards and notes any problems that have emerged in assigning URIs.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july03/baker/07baker.html
Implementing Metadata in Digital Preservation Systems : the PREMIS Activity
Lavoie, Brian F. In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Apr 2004) (United States of America)
This article briefly discusses the current and future activities of the PREMIS project. The history and background to the development of PREMIS is also discussed.
10.1045/dlib.magazine
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april04/lavoie/04lavoie.html
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Implementing Preservation Repositories for Digital Materials : Current Practice and Emerging Trends in the Cultural Heritage Community : a Report by the PREMIS Working Group
OCLC/RLG PREMIS Working Group (Date Created: Sep 2004)
PREMIS, an international working group jointly sponsored by OCLC and RLG, reports the findings of a survey focused on current implementations and preservation metadata management practices of digital preservation repositories. The survey was conducted between December 2003 and February 2004 and drew respondents from 48 libraries, archives and other institutions from Europe, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. The survey covered repository services, models and policies, as well as architecture, storage, preservation processes and metadata. The report summarises and analyses the range of responses and notes a number of trends emerging in practice.
http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/pmwg/surveyreport.pdf
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Information Infrastructures for Digital Preservation : A One Day Workshop : Conference Presentations
6 Dec 2000
Research Libraries Group
Papers from digital preservation workshop.
http://www.rlg.org/events/pres-2000/infopapers.html
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Historical Integrating Metadata Schema Registries With Digital Preservation Systems To Support Interoperability: A Proposal
Day, Michael (Date Created: 2003)
A paper presented by Michael Day at the 2003 Dublin Core Conference in Seattle argued that metadata registries may assist in managing metadata in repositories and may also support the re-use and exchange of metadata and/or information packages. The paper describes the development of metadata schemas by national libraries, research initiatives, recordkeeping institutions and digitisation programs and notes that interoperability between these schemas is desirable. Day suggests that metadata registries may be a useful tool that provide authoritative information on schema and element specifications and inter-scheme mappings. They could possibly also support the re-use of metadata and the exchange of information packages between trusted repositories.
http://www.siderean.com/dc2003/101_paper38.pdf
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Historical Integrity and Authenticity of Digital Cultural Heritage Objects
DigiCult Consortium (Date Created: Aug 2002)
The first of three thematic issue papers from the Preservation and Enhancement of Cultural Heritage Unit of the Information Society Directorate General of the European Commission addresses issues of preservation of the integrity and authenticity of digital objects. Amongst the articles are a discussion of what constitutes authenticity, a paper outlining the level at which authenticity should be addressed, a listing of standards and projects, and an argument for cooperation. The journal is illustrated with case studies from traditional archives as well as sound and vision archives.
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/thematic_issue_1_final.pdf
Historical International Organisation for Standardisation : Organisation Internationale De Normalisation : ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11: Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio : MPEG-21 Overview v.5
MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group) (Date Created: Oct 2002)
"MPEG-21 aims at defining a normative open framework for multimedia delivery and consumption for use by all the players in the delivery and consumption chain. This open framework will provide content creators, producers, distributors and service providers with equal opportunities in the MPEG-21 enabled open market. This will also be to the benefit of the content consumer providing them access to a large variety of content in an interoperable manner."
http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-21/mpeg-21.htm
Historical Invest to Save: Report and Recommendations of the NSF-DELOS Working Group on Digital Archiving and Preservation
Hedstrom, Margaret; Ross, Seamus (Date Created: 2003)
This report identifies research challenges, development opportunities and solutions for problems associated with the preservation of digital information. Consisting of six main areas, the report presents digital preservation challenges; looks at the benefits of long-term preservation; summarises a set of principles and assumptions to guide the research agenda; highlights the work to date within this field; discusses a research agenda, including emerging research; and addresses the need for additional areas of support.
http://eprints.erpanet.org/archive/00000048/01/Digitalarchiving.pdf
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Issues and Approaches to Preservation Metadata
Day, Michael; UKOLN (Last Updated: 24 Feb 1999)
The creation and use of metadata is likely to become an important part of all digital preservation strategies whether they are based on hardware and software conservation, emulation or migration. The UK Cedars project aims to promote awareness of the importance of digital preservation, to produce strategic frameworks for digital collection management policies and to promote methods appropriate for long-term preservation - including the creation of appropriate metadata.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/presentations/rlg-npo/warwick.html
also at: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/presentations/rlg-npo/warwick.html
JHOVE2 : a Next-Generation Architecture for Format-Aware Digital Object Preservation Formatting
Harvard University Library (Last Updated: 01 Jun 2006) (United States of America)
The paper discusses the scope of the JHOVE2 (JSTOR/Harvard Object Validation Environment) project proposal. This project will seek to retain existing JHOVE functionality and refactor the existing architecture, support enhancements, increase the range of supported formats, and develop modules for supporting key preservation processes. Input from the JHOVE user community will be sought as part of the design phase. The proposal was submitted by Harvard University, Portico, and Stanford University to the Library of Congress under the National Digital Information Infrastructure Preservation Program (NDIIPP) initiative.
http://hul.harvard.edu/jhove/JHOVE2-proposal.doc
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Like Russian Dolls : Nesting Standards for Digital Preservation
Wabel, Gunter In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Jun 2003)
This article discusses three standards for digital preservation, the Open Archival Information System (OAIS), the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) and the NISO Data Dictionary - Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images. The article describes what the standards do and how they can be utilised, noting especially the hierarchical relationship of the three standards, such that the higher level one provides a framework for those below it.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp?fileid=0000070511
:000006279243&reqid=602#feature2
Linking Preservation Metadata and Collection Management Policies
Calanag, Maria Luisa; Sugimoto, Shigeo; Tabata, Koichi (Date Created: 2004)
This article focuses on the link between institutional policies and successful long term preservation of digital data. The study has found that in order to do this it is crucial to develop preservation guides that address the metadata granularity issues. The study highlighted a need for flexible approach when determining preservation metadata levels, since highly structured metadata can be set at a higher, collection level, while lower confidence in stability of digital data would require file level metadata. This approach leads to a concept of metadata encapsulated objects, which although representing primarily technical requirements, need also to be addressed at policy level in order to render successful preservation strategies.
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mcb/171/2004/00000023/00000002/a
rt00002
in Collection Building (0160-4953), Vol. 23, no. 2 (2004) pp 56-63.
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Historical Long-Term Preservation of Electronic Publications: the NEDLIB Project
Titia van der Werf-Davelaar, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The National Library of the Netherlands In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Sep 1999)
This article describes the NEDLIB project and explains how it is developing a deposit system for electronic publications (DSEP) on the basis of the OAIS model. Metadata for preservation and emulation experiments are also discussed.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/vanderwerf/09vanderwerf.html
Long-Term Preservation of Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Liegmann, Hans (Date Created: 2003) (Germany)
This paper describes Die Deutsche Bibliotek's voluntary deposit system for ETDs (electronic theses and dissertations) using NEDLIB's process model and incorporating the Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS). Issues discussed include preservation metadata, submission and transfer processes for ETDs and trusted digital repositories.
http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/etd2003/liegmann-hans/HTML/index.html
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Historical On Making and Identifying a Copy
Paskin, Norman In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jan 2003)
The article canvasses issues associated with distinguishing particular instances and manifestations and the necessary granularity. It problematises the notion of a copy and the need to identify types of copies. The article is motivated by concerns regarding digital rights management, however, such issues are also appropriate to the management of multiple copies within a digital preservation system.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january03/paskin/01paskin.html
Historical Making of America II Testbed Project White Paper Version 2.0
Digital Library Federation (Date Created: 15 Sep 1998)
The MOA2 White Paper covers a broad range of topics, from overall guidelines in the collection of structural and administrative metadata and suggested best practice in imaging, to a detailed discussion of an object oriented approach in digital library construction and the development of tools to assist scholars.
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/MOA2/wp-v2.html
Metadata
Day, Michael In: DCC Digital Curation Manual (Date Created: 25 Jan 2006)
This instalment of the DCC Digital Curation Manual is a good introduction to metadata and preservation metadata, especially within the context of digital curation. It provides definitions, discusses the importance of, and uses for, metadata. There are also sections devoted to the OAIS model, preservation metadata, standards and package formats such as METS.
http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resource/curation-manual/chapters/metadata/
Available in html and pdf.
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Historical Metadata Approach to Preservation of Digital Resources: The University of North Texas Libraries' Experience
Cathy Nelson Hartman; Daniel Gelaw Alemneh; Samantha Kelly Hastings (Date Created: Aug 2002) (United States of America)
(Publisher abstract:) "Preserving long-term access to digital information resources is one of the key challenges facing libraries and information centers today. The University of North Texas (UNT) Libraries has entered into partnership agreements with federal and state agencies to ensure permanent storage and public access to a variety of government information sources. As digital resource preservation encompasses a wide variety of interrelated activities, the UNT Libraries are taking a phased approach to ensure the long-term access to its digital resources. Formulation of preservation policy and creation of preservation metadata for electronic files and digital collections are among the most important steps. This paper discusses the issues related to digital resources preservation and demonstrates the role of preservation metadata in facilitating the preservation activities in general. In particular, it describes the efforts being made by the UNT libraries to ensure the long-term access and preservation of various digital information resources."
http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_8/alemneh/index.html
Metadata Demystified : A Guide For Publishers
Brand, Amy; Daly, Frank; Meyers, Barbara (Date Created: Jul 2003)
The guide provides an introduction to metadata and a discussion of issues of particular interest to book and journal publishers. These include XML (schemas, workflows & syntax) and identifiers (such as ISBN, ISSN and DOI). It offers reasons why metadata is important for publishers and readers. Particular attention is paid to book-oriented metadata practices (such as ONIX) and journal-orientated practices (CrossRef).
ISBN: 1880124599
http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/Metadata_Demystified.pdf
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Historical Metadata for Digital Preservation : An Update
Day, Michael In: Ariadne (Date Created: 21 Dec 1999)
In this article, Michael Day reviews recent activities related to the development of metadata schemes for digital preservation. He outlines the emulation and migration-based strategies for digital preservation and the role that preservation metadata is poised to play in both these approaches. He reviews both library and archives-based initiatives in this area. He describes the OAIS model and its implications for the development of preservation metadata.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue22/metadata/
In Ariadne, Issue 22
Metadata for Digital Preservation: The CEDARS Project Outline Specification
The Cedars Project Team and UKOLN (Date Created: Mar 2000)
This document describes the metadata elements which the Cedars project has identified as being useful to ensure that digital library resources can be archived and used in the future.
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/OutlineSpec.htm
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/OTHER/SRoss.htm
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Historical Metadata for Long Term Preservation (NEDLIB-LB 5648 D4.2)
Catherine Lupovici, BnF and Julien Masanes, BnF (Date Created: 21 Jul 2000)
This report aims to define the minimum metadata elements required for longterm preservation and in particular for the functioning of the NEDLIB DSEP (deposit system for electronic publications). The OAIS model is used as a basis for the DSEP model and its metadata.
http://nedlib.kb.nl/results/D4.2/D4.2.htm
Also available in pdf
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Historical Metadata for Preservation : CEDARS Project Document AIW01
Day, Michael In: Cedars : Curl Exemplars in Digital Archives Project (Last Updated: 3 Aug 1998) (United Kingdom)
This report is a review of metadata formats and initiatives in the area of digital preservation. It supplements the DESIRE Review of metadata (Dempsey et al. 1997). It is based on a literature review and information derived from a number of workshops.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/cedars/AIW01.html
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Historical Metadata Framework Developed at the Tsinghua University Library to Aid in the Preservation of Digital Resources
Niu, Jinfang (Date Created: Nov 2002) (China)
This article describes a metadata framework developed at Tsinghua University, China, as part of the EMANI project with Goettingen State and University Library, Germany, Cornell University Library in the United States and Orsyell Library, France. The framework includes modules for rights, technical, descriptive, source and process metadata, allows description of resource structure and utilises the Metadata Transmission and Encoding Standard (METS).
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november02/niu/11niu.html
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Metadata to Support Data Quality and Longevity
Rothenberg, Jeff (Last Updated: 3 Jun 1996)
This paper discusses two key needs for metadata: to support data quality and to ensure the longevity of data. In the latter category, the need for encapsulation with metadata which will enable future emulation is discussed.
http://www.computer.org/conferences/meta96/rothenberg_paper/ieee.data-
quality.html
METS : Standardized Encoding for Digital Library Objects
McDonough, Jerome P. (Date Created: Feb 2006)
Description from abstract - METS is an XML document format intended for the encoding of complex objects within digital libraries. It provides the means to record all of the descriptive, administrative, structural and behavioral metadata needed to manage and provide access to complex digital content. While it was designed to promote interoperability of digital content between digital library systems and contribute to the preservation of digital library materials, a variety of practical barriers to achieving these goals remain. However, many of these obstacles are shared by other communities of practice, such as the eLearning community working on the IMS content packaging standards and the MPEG-21 community, and the digital library community faces a unique opportunity at the moment to work closely with others to try to improve the interoperability of our content not only with our own repository systems, but those being used by others.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/1665225r3412540x/
International Journal on Digital Libraries, Volume 6, Number 2 / April, 2006. Available via subscription
mod_oai : An Apache Module for Metadata Harvesting
Harrison, Terry L.; Liu, Xiaoming; McFarland, Nathan; Nelson, Michael L.; Van de Sompel, Herbert (Date Created: 2005) (United States of America)
This article discusses mod_oai, an Apache 2.0 module that optimizes web content harvesting by building Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) capability into the Apache server. The article includes a comparison between web crawling and OAI-MPH harvesting and presents the results of experimentation using the authors' university web site as a testbed.
http://arxiv.org/ftp/cs/papers/0503/0503069.pdf
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Historical Moving Frontier : Archiving, Preservation and Tomorrow's Digital Heritage
Berthon, Hilary; Webb, Colin (Date Created: Feb 2000) (Australia)
This paper reviews international progress in digital archiving and preservation over the past one to two years. There have been developments in international collaboration, many archiving models are being tested, active work on a range of facilitating issues, and an ongoing debate over the most appropriate preservation strategies. A growing trend noted is the ongoing commitment of sharing information, for example, the redevelopment of the PADI website.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/hberthon2.html
PDFalso available from http://www.vala.org.au/vala2000/2000pdf/Ber_Web.PDF
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National Library of Australia Initiatives Using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol For Metadata Harvesting
Boston, Tony (Date Created: Oct 2003) (Australia)
This paper, given at the International Seminar on the Use of Standards in the Development of Online Access Systems for Archives in Canberra in October 2003, describes the use of the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) protocol for metadata harvesting at the National Library of Australia (NLA). It looks at the advantages of using the protocol on such NLA services as PictureAustralia, the National Bibliographic Database and the Library’s digital collections, and also provides a brief description of OAI software.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/2003/boston1.html
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Historical Next stage: moving from isolated digital collections to interoperable digital libraries
Besser, Howard In: First Monday (Date Created: 03 Jun 2002)
In this paper, Howard Besser of UCLA notes that many existing digital library developments are primarily collection based and that they often lack service or preservation components. He then discusses various ways in which we may be able to move from these isolated digital collections to a network of interoperable digital libraries. In doing so, he emphasises that libraries are not just collections but organisations that provide a variety of services (including their long-term stewardship over collections) and uphold ethical traditions (e.g. on privacy and equal access).
http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_6/besser/
Historical OAI and its Value to the Cultural Heritage Sector
Carpenter, Leona; Heery, Rachel In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter (Date Created: Feb 2003)
This article discusses how the OAI (Open Archives Initiative) through its OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiatives Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) enhances access to digital resources such as e-prints, images, multimedia and web pages. The article also discusses various projects and services using OAI to improve access to cultural resources, including 'hidden web' material, which is material that is in digital format but is not available through the usual Internet searching facilities.
http://data.digicult.info/download/digicult_info3_low.pdf
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OAI Rights White Paper : September 26 2003
Lagoze, Carl; Nelson, Michael; Van de Sompel, Herbert; Warner, Simeon (Date Created: 26 Aug 2003)
Instigated by the Open Archives Initiative and Project RoMEO, the OAI-rights white paper describes the scope and issues in OAI rights. The goal of OAI rights is to investigate and develop means of expressing rights about metadata and resources in the OAI framework. This paper is intended as a foundation for work aimed at incorporating structured rights expressions into the OAI-PMH. This work will be undertaken by a technical group called oai-rights, and will result in a set of OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) guidelines scheduled for release in second quarter 2004
http://www.openarchives.org/documents/OAIRightsWhitePaper.html
Open Archival Information System Reference Model: Introductory Guide
Lavoie, Brian F (Date Created: Jan 2004)
This article provides an overview of the background, origins, functions and developments of the OAIS (Open Archival Information System) Reference Model. As stated by the author, "The OAIS reference model is a conceptualization of the environment, functional components and information objects associated with a system designed to effect the long-term preservation of digital materials". The article also lists the main responsibilities of an OAIS-type archive and provides examples of digital archiving systems that are OAIS-compliant.
http://www.dpconline.org/docs/lavoie_OAIS.pdf
Is part of the DPC (Digital Preservation Coalition) Technology Watch Series
Historical Open Archives Activities and Experiences in Europe : an Overview by the Open Archives Forum
Dobratz, Susanne; Matthaei, Birgit In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jan 2003)
This article describes the work of the Open Archives Forum as well as providing an overview of European activities in OAI compared to other countries. The Open Archives Forum provides support, dissemination and information for those new and existing agencies involved in initiating, planning and maintaining open archives. The Forum is split into three 'workpackages', workshops and disseminations, organizational validation and technical validation.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january03/dobratz/01dobratz.html
Paradigma Project and its Quest for Metadata Solutions and User Services
Albertsen, Ketil; Nuys, Carol van; Pedersen, Linda; Stenstad, Asborg (Date Created: Apr 2004) (Norway)
A paper examining the National Library of Norway’s Paradigma Project, which was presented at the 70th IFLA Conference in Buenos Aires in August 2004. The initiative (which is engaged in the harvesting and archiving of the Norwegian domain as part of the NLN’s legal deposit responsibilities) is described, and its work in exploring appropriate metadata solutions is analysed. Other topics surveyed include the incorporation of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) model into the archive design, and the implementation of a proposed authentication service for document verification.
http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/009e-Nuys.pdf
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PDF/A: Developing a File Format for Long-Term Preservation
LeFurgy, William G In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Dec 2003) (United States of America)
This article looks at current developments in the USA into the long-term preservation of text-based digital documents. A working group has prepared a draft preservation standard for Adobe’s Portable Format Document (PDF). Known as PDF/A, the standard “intends to specify the use of PDF in a manner that is specifically geared to long-term management and use. PDF/A would be ideally suited for documents whose content and appearance must remain stable over long periods of time”.
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp?fileid=0000070519
:000006289350&reqid=15674#feature1
Practical Preservation : the PREMIS Experience
Caplan, Priscilla; Guenther, Rebecca (Date Created: Jun 2005)
PREMIS was established to focus on the practical aspects of implementing preservation metadata in digital preservation. This article outlines the history, methods, issues and deliverables of the PREMIS Working Group and its subgroups, the Core Elements workgroup and the Implementation Strategies workgroup.
http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis/caplan_guenther-librarytrends.pdf
Library Trends, Vol. 54, no. 1 (Summer 2005)
PREMIS : Preservation Metadata - Implementation Strategies Update 1: Implementing Preservation Repositories for Digital Materials: Current Practice and Emerging Trends in the Cultural Heritage Community
Caplan, Priscilla In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Oct 2004)
This article, the first of a series, reports on the PREMIS survey Implementing Preservation Repositories for Digital Materials : Current Practice and Emerging Trends in the Cultural Heritage Community : a Report by the PREMIS Working Group. This is a survey of cultural heritage institutions who are developing or planning a preservation repository. General observations are made of some of the results such as metadata practices and the need for metadata standards. Proposed future activies of PREMIS are also canvassed.
PREMIS : Preservation Metadata Implementation Strategies Update 2: Core Elements for Metadata to Support Digital Preservation
Guenther, Rebecca In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Nov 2004)
This article reports on the Core Activities Subgroup of PREMIS Working Group. It describes the development of a data dictionary, which is a list of core elements and detailed information about how to apply them to support the long-term preservation of digital objects. Also described is the data model used to provide structure to the dictionary. Future plans such as the development the testbeds and XML schemas to implement the data dictionary are also discussed.
http://www.rlg.org/en/page.php?Page_ID=20492#article2
PREMIS Requirement Statement Project Report
Clifton, Gerard; Langley, Somaya; Lee, Bronwyn (Date Created: Jul 2006)
This is the report of the Presta-Premis Requirement Statments Project which was conducted from December 2005 to June 2006. It was undertaken by the National Library of Australia for the Australian Partnership on Sustainable Repositories (APSR). The report specifies requirements for the collection metadata needed for long tem continuity of access to digital collections. The report includes recommendations on preservation metadata elements including mandatory elements; recommendations on tools for automatic metadata extraction; a recommended list of supported formats and a draft METS profile for exchanging preservation metadata and functional specifications and use cases for preservation events and event logging. The report concludes with a summary of 14 recommendations.
http://www.apsr.edu.au/publications/presta.pdf
Preservation and Access for Electronic College and University Records: Conference Proceedings.
Arizona State University (Last Updated: 19 Sep 2001)
Provides links to papers presented at the conference which are available as powerpoint slides and abstracts.
http://www.asu.edu/ecure/bak/ecure1999/ecure-confirmed-speakers.html
Preservation and Metadata
Maxymuk, John
This article provides an basic overview and definition of metadata and gives examples of various metadata initiatives.
http://ariel.emeraldinsight.com/vl=4721610/cl=40/nw=1/fm=html/rpsv/cw/
mcb/0888045x/v18n3/s8/p146
Preservation Metadata
Day, Michael (Date Created: 11 Dec 2003)
This chapter provides an introduction to preservation metadata. It features the OAIS model and issues such as costs and interoperability. The author concludes that more practical applications and experience needs to be developed in the future.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/publications/iylim-2003/
Prepublication draft of chapter published in: G. E. Gorman and Daniel G. Dorner (eds.), Metadata applications and management, International Yearbook of Library and Information Management, 2003-2004
Preservation Metadata
Gartner, Richard; Lavoie, Brian (Date Created: Sep 2005)
This is a technology watch report from the Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC). It presents a comprehensive view of developments in preservation metadata, including METS, OAIS and Premis. It also includes useful background information, such as why preservation metadata is important and the requirements in the development of a preservation metadata schema. Examples are used to illustrate various developments. This is recommended reading for both the beginner to preservation metadata and more experienced practitioners.
http://www.dpconline.org/docs/reports/dpctw05-01.pdf
DPC Technology watch report 05-01
Preservation Metadata
Caplan, Priscilla In: DCC Digital Curation Manual (Date Created: Aug 2006)
This instalment of the Digital Curation Manual features preservation metadata including its significant properties and technical specifications. It examines the use of preservation metadata in the digital curation life cycle and discusses issues such as provenance and file format specification.
http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resource/curation-manual/chapters/preservation-me
tadata/
Also available in pdf.
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Preservation Metadata : Pragmatic First Steps at the National Library of New Zealand
Searle, Sam; Thomson, Dave In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Apr 2003) (New Zealand)
This article outlines the development of the National Library of New Zealand’s (NLNZ) preservation Metadata Schema. The four entities of the NLNZ schema are discussed - the international context of preservation metadata, the local business requirements, and the future development and activities of NLNZ in preservation metadata.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april03/thompson/04thompson.html
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Historical Preservation Metadata and Digital Continuity
Knight, Steve In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter (Date Created: Feb 2003) (New Zealand)
This article describes the National Library of New Zealand's digital preservation programme generally as well as describing the development of a preservation metadata schema as a means to ensure that digital resources are accessible in the long term. The schema, still under development, involves the preservation metadata applying to a 'logical object' which is then used as the preservation master. The author also discusses future issues that need to be addressed in order for the Library to be acknowledged as a 'trusted repository for New Zealand's digital heritage.
http://data.digicult.info/download/digicult_info3_low.pdf
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Preservation Metadata for Digital Collections
Bradley, Kevin; Phillips, Margaret; Webb, Colin; Woodyard, Deborah (Date Created: 15 Oct 1999) (Australia)
A working group from the National Library of Australia has drafted this document to propose a set of metadata that will be required specifically for the purposes of preservation of digital materials.
http://www.nla.gov.au/preserve/pmeta.html
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Historical Preservation Metadata for Digital Objects : A Review of the State of the Art
OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata (Date Created: 31 Jan 2001)
A white paper of the OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata, this fifty-page report examines current progress in preservation metadata development.
http://www.oclc.org/research/pmwg/presmeta_wp.pdf
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Preservation Metadata Initiatives : Practicality, Sustainability and Interoperability
Day, Michael (Date Created: Oct 2004)
This article discusses various specific and generic preservation metadata initiatives. Also discussed are sustainability and interoperability issues that arise from their development and use, including file format registries and metadata registries.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/preservation/publications/erpanet-marburg/day-p
aper.pdf
In: Frank M. Bischoff, Hans Hofman and Seamus Ross, Metadata in preservation: selected papers from an ERPANET Seminar at the Archives School Marburg, 3-5 September 2003.
Provision of Digital Preservation Metadata : a Role for ONIX?
Brindley, Gavin; Muir, Adrienne; Probets, Steve (Date Created: 2004)
ONIX is a metadata standard used in the publishing industry for data exchange. This article examines the suitability of ONIX metadata for digital preservation metadata requirements. The article describes the background to digital preservation before analysing whether ONIX could be integrated into and help populate the existing preservation metadata frameworks.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/rpsv/cw/mcb/00330337/v38n4/s3/p240
in Program : Electronic Library and Information Systems, ISSN 0033-0337, Vol. 38, issue 4, 2004, pp. 240-250.
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Historical Report on the Cedars Final Workshop
CEDARS Project; Day, Michael; Jones, Maggie (Date Created: 22 Apr 2002) (United Kingdom)
This invitation-only workshop was the final event hosted by the Cedars project before it closed. The workshop had a focus primarily on the work of Cedars but also included the work of CAMiLEON. The purpose of the workshop was to highlight the work of Cedars over the preceding four years, to provide a forum for debate and discussion on what the project had achieved and what should happen next, and to bring together the main beneficiaries of the project (CURL librarians) with representatives from the publishing community and other key decision makers.
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/pubconf/umist/finalWorkshopRep.html
Report on the Meeting of Experts on Digital Preservation : Metadata Specifications
United States Government Printing Office (Date Created: Jun 2004)
The Report on the Meeting of Experts on Digital Preservation: Metadata Specifications is a summary of the second of two meetings held to assist GPO (United States Government Printing Office) in developing specifications for the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) digitization project. This meeting, focusing on descriptive and preservation metadata, was held at GPO on June 14, 2004. A summary of the overall discussion of the experts and the necessary resources for the metadata package submission are included in the report.
http://www.gpoaccess.gov/about/reports/metadata_report_final.pdf
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Resource Harvesting within the OAI-PMH Framework
Lagoze, Carl; Nelson, Michael L.; Warner, Simeon; van de Sompel, Herbert In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Dec 2004)
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december04/vandesompel/12vandesompel.html
Review: Some Comments on Preservation Metadata and the OAIS Model
Hofman, Hans In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter (Date Created: Oct 2002)
A review and critique by Hans Hofman, appearing in DigiCULT.info 2 (October 2002), of the report by the OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata. The need for greater attention to the relationship between preservation processes and metadata and the requirements of the records and archival community in terms of record authenticity, context and relationships are noted. The article is available by accessing or downloading the entire DigiCULT.info 2 issue (PDF format).
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/digicult_info2.pdf
New Rights in the PREMIS Data Model: A Report for the Library of Congress
Coyle, Karen (Date Created: Dec 2006) (United States of America)
This report was commissioned by the Library of Congress to feed into the revision of the PREMIS Data standard May 2005 to improve the rights entity. This report considers the various definitions of rights, the state of rights metadata, and surveys legislative actions in various nations which will provide a legal standing for digital preservation activities.
http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis/Rights-in-the-PREMIS-Data-Model.pd
f
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RLG Open Forum: Converging, Emerging Standards for Digital Preservation
Research Libraries Group (Date Created: Jun 2002) (United States of America)
This page provides links to presentations made at the RLG Open Forum held on June 16, 2002, as part of the American Library Association (ALA) Annual Conference in Altanta, Georgia, USA. Topics i