Audio and Audiovisual material
Limit to:
Variable media art
This Audio and audio visual materials page covers the preservation issues of conversion of analogue formats to digital, as well as the creation of original digital information.
The transfer of information from analogue formats, such as video, reel-to-reel and casette tapes, to a digital medium is an ongoing challenge with audio and audio visual material. Some analogue equipment is already extinct and some carriers are reaching critical levels of degredation, challenging collection managers to transfer information as quickly as possible to an alternative medium.
Physical format digital material, such as recordable compact disks (CD-R) and digital audio tapes (DAT), are considered to be viable preservation alternatives provided that the technical limitations are managed through comprehensive testing and analysis programs, and careful technical management of equipment and facilities. Media instability and changes in technology are the two main threats to the continued accessibility of digital information stored on physical formats. Changes in technology may render these materials inaccessible within a very short time frame and the indeterminate expected lifespan of many of the modern optical and magnetic carriers provide a further challenge to managing the audio and audio-visual data. See Migration, Emulation and Digital preservation strategies.
Sound files take up significant storage space, and large collections of audio material require large numbers of CD-Rs. However, the ever-expanding storage capabilities of mass storage systems now make them viable for the storage and preservation of large amounts of audio data. Many institutions are establishing standards and best practices covering formats, technical specifications and metadata, establishing parallels with preservation of other digital materials.
The production and availability of online audio and dynamic visual materials provide a critical and growing area of research. Online delivery formats are typically designed to operate with drastically reduced bandwidths achieved by a permanent and irreversible reduction in the content of the item. The resultant items resist simple migration and generally require special, and quickly superseded, software players. The challenge for online acquisition and preservation of audio and audio visual material is the management of these issues, as well as that for all audio visual material, to be vigilant with quality checking of data and be prepared for obsolescence.
Articles
| Books
| Events
| Organisations and Websites
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5th Joint Technical Symposium : Image and Sound Archiving and Access - the challenges of the 3rd Millennium: Abstracts
Joint Technical Symposium/Commission Superieure Technique de l'Image et du Son
(Date Created: Jan 2000)
(France)
- Abstracts of papers and posters presented at this meeting are available in pdf.
- http://web.archive.org/web/20041010230730/http://www.cst.fr/jts2000/en
/index.htm
- Full proceedings (book or CD-ROM) may be ordered from JTS Paris secretariat: http://www.cst.fr/jts2000/en/index.htm#actes
-
ACM MM 2000: Electronic Proceedings
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
(Date Created: Nov 2000)
(United States of America)
- Proceedings of the 8th ACM International Conference on Multimedia 2000, October 30 - November 3, 2000, Los Angeles, CA, USA. ACMWebsite includes link to conference proceedings.
- http://www.sigmod.org/dblp/db/conf/mm/mm2000.html
-
Archiving the Avant Garde: Documenting and Preserving Variable Media Art
Rinehart, Richard
In: D-Lib magazine
(Date Created: May 2002)
- A brief description of "Archiving the Avant Garde: Documenting and Preserving Variable Media Art", a consortium project whose collaborators include the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAM/PFA), the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Walker Art Center, Rhizome.org, the Franklin Furnace Archive and the Cleveland Performance Art Festival and Archive.
- http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may02/05inbrief.html#RINEHART
-
Archivists Warn: Don't Depend on Digital Tape
Beacham, Frank
(Last Updated: 15 Jun 1998)
- This essay, linked to from the MiniDisc Community Homepage, discusses the issues surrounding what to do with digital audio tape in an audio archive. It reports on the views expressed by representatives from Sony, Library of Congress and National Public Radio at the 1995 AES Conference.
- http://www.minidisc.org/dat_archiving.html
- Audio and Video Carriers: Recording Principles, Storage and Handling, Maintenance of Equipment, Format and Equipment Obsolescence
Schüller, Dietrich
(Date Created: Feb 2008)
- This 19 p. overview is a full text version of Power Point presentations given in TAPE workshops. It is a non-technical introduction for managers of sound and video collections. It includes a chapter on the maintenance of equipment and the obsolescence of formats and a select bibliography of recent publications on preservation of audiovisual carriers.
- http://www.tape-online.net/docs/audio_and_video_carriers.pdf
-
Audio Archiving for 100 Years & Longer : Once We Decide What to Save, How Should We Do It?
Gladney, Henry
(Date Created: Jul 2001)
- Gladney's 10 page letter to the editor of the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society places the issues of audio preservation within the frame and concerns of digital preservation generally. It also provides a critique of current digital preservation approaches. He argues that low cost technology has encouraged the use of digital systems for audio by many libraries and archives but that little attention has been paid to the long term preservation of audio documents. These "incompletely solved challenges", he further states, avail themselves of technical solutions, but that the greatest issues will be economic and political.
- http://www.aes.org/journal/suppmat/gladney_2001_7.pdf
- Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 49, no. 7/8, July/August 2001
-
Building A Digital Library Of Television News
Breeding, Marshall
(Date Created: Jun 2003)
(United States of America)
- This article is a brief overview of the processes involved in establishing a digital archive of television news videotapes at the Vanderbilt Television News Archives in the USA. The author examines some technical apects of converting and preserving the videotape into a digital format; explains the different phases of the project, such as the creation of metadata and the establishment of the digitisation process; and provides an overview of the costs and challenges facing the project.
- http://www.librarytechnology.org/ltg-displaytext.pl?RC=10346
- Also available in PDF version, Computers in Libraries, June 2003, Vol 23, Issue 6, ISSN 1041-7915 and by subscription online at www.ebscohost.com/
-

Building a National Strategy for Digital Preservation: Issues in Digital Media Archiving
Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR)
(Date Created: Apr 2002)
(United States of America)
- A collection of papers commissioned by the Library of Congress and the Council on Library and Information Resources as a background to developing the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program. Topics of the papers covered "six principal areas in which the LC faces collection-management issues: large Web sites, electronic books, electronic journals, digitally recorded sound, digital film, and digital television."
- http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub106abst.html
- Also available in PDF format at http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub106/pub106.pdf
-
CAMiLEON : BBC Domesday
CAMILEON (Creative Archiving at Michigan and leeds: Emulating the Old on the New)
- This articles provides an overview of CAMiLEON's Domesday Project, which uses the BBC's 1986 Domesday Project as a test case for the implementation and development of emulation strategies for the preservation of digital material. The Domesday Project is a multimedia digital project originally produced on 12" video discs. It was intended that future generations would view this resource. It as chosen as a prime test case because it is in danger of loss through technological obsolescence, and represents challenges in terms of scale, complexity and intellectual property rights. The article includes FAQ's, technical and property rights issues and screenshots of the emulator in action.
- http://www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/domesday/domesday.html
-

CAMiLEON : Emulation and BBC Domesday
Mellor, Phil
In: RLG DigiNews
(Date Created: 15 Apr 2003)
(United Kingdom)
- This article reports on a meeting in December 2002 at the University of Leeds to demonstrate and discuss CAMiLEON's (Creative Archiving at Michigan and Leeds Emulating the Old on the New) work in preserving the BBC Domesday Project. The article provides some background information on the original Project, including examples of content. The CAMiLEON Project has spent 3 years developing strategies for digital preservation and testing them with materials such as the BBC Domesday system. The article describes some of the issues and problems encountered during this process such as videodisc damage, hardware unreliability, development of emulation software and the ongoing issues of Intellectual Property Rights for the many individual and institutional contributors to the Project.
- http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file1
651.html#feature3
-
Can We Save Our Audio-visual Heritage?
Teruggi, Daniel
In: Ariadne
(Date Created: 30 Apr 2004)
- PrestoSpace is the new FP6 integrated project, a major international initiative seeking to find preservation solutions for analogue media. The Programme deals with different components essential for preservation including restoration, storage, archive management and description (metadata). PestoSpace covers digital preservation of all types of audio-visual collections.
- http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/teruggi/
-
Capturing Unstable Media : Summary of Research
Fauconnier, Sandra; Fromme, Rens
(Date Created: Mar 2003)
- This is an overview and inventory of current research initiatives, including rhizome.org, Daniel Langlois Foundation, Netzspannung.org and the V2 Archive. The paper also has a set of recommendations in the areas of metadata, strategies and interoperability.
- http://capturing.projects.v2.nl/summary.html
-
Care and Handling of Recorded Sound Materials
National Library of Canada; St-Laurent, Gilles
(Last Updated: 15 Feb 2002)
- This resource provides a good basic explanation of what sound is, how it is recorded and identifies many different recording media. It then discusses handling issues and preservation of the sound media.
- http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byauth/st-laurent/care.html
-
Care of Sound Recordings
National Library of New Zealand
(Last Updated: 21 May 1997)
(New Zealand)
- While this factsheet from the National Library of New Zealand is part of a series for assisting the public with preservation of family collections, it provides some concise practical tips for care and handling of materials.
- http://www.natlib.govt.nz/services/get-advice/preservation/preserving-
sound-recordings
- Case of the National Library of Jamaica in Implementing and Administering the Legal Deposit of Audiovisual and Multimedia Materials
Francis, Valerie; Webster-Prince, Maureen
(Date Created: 06 Jun 2008)
- This paper delivered at World Library and Information Congress, 74th IFLA General Conference and Council (10-14 August 2008, Québec, Canada) highlights provisions of the Legal Deposit Act (2002) which enabled the National Library of Jamaica to collect, promote, preserve and facilitate access to the nation’s recorded documentary heritage. Although currently focused on collection of audiovisual materials, the NLJ is also considering future Web harvesting which is not currently covered under the act.
- http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/095-Francis_Webster-Prince-en
.pdf
- Also available in French http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/095-Francis_Webster-Prince-trans-fr.pdf
-

Database of Virtual Art for an Expanded Concept of Documentation
Grau, Oliver
(Date Created: 2003)
- This article, written by the developer of the Database of Virtual Art, discusses the database's development as well as the detailed documentation stored on the works in the database. Because of the unique nature of virtual art, extensive documentation is vital if the art is to remain accessible in the future.
- http://web.archive.org/web/20070429172110/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/gra
u/database.htm
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Database of Virtual Art: For an Expanded Concept of Documentation
Grau, Oliver
(Date Created: Sep 2003)
(Germany)
- This article, written by the developer of the Database of Virtual Art for ICHIM 2003 (International Cultural Heritage Informatics Meeting held at the Ecole de Louvre 8-12 September) , discusses the database's development as well as the detailed documentation stored on the works in the database. Because of the unique nature of virtual art, extensive documentation is vital if the art is to remain accessible in the future.
- http://www.archimuse.com/publishing/ichim03/016C.pdf
- Depósito legal de materiales audiovisuals: la situación latinoamericana
Sambaino, Samira
(Date Created: 27 Jul 2008)
- This paper delivered at World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA General Conference and Council (10-14 August 2008, Québec, Canada) provides an overview of the state of legal deposit legislation for audiovisual and multimedia materials and practices in Latin American countries. Countries surveyed in this study were Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.
- http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/095-Sambaino-es.pdf
- Also available in English and French from http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/Programme2008.htm
-
Digital Audio at the National Library of Canada
St-Laurent, Gilles
(Last Updated: 12 Aug 1997)
- This site explains the National Library of Canada's work practices regarding their recorded sound collection. Part of this essay describes how audio is recorded digitally (discusses sampling rates, analog-to-digital conversion, digital word length, etc.) and how the NLC assembles material for downloading onto CD-R. Also discussed are various forms of digital noise reduction (de-clicking, de-crackling and de-hissing).
- ISSN: 1201-4338
- http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/202/301/netnotes/netnotes-h/notes49.htm
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Digital Preservation : Recording the Recoding : the Documentary Strategy
Depocas, Alain
(Date Created: 2002)
(Austria)
- This article argues that the best way to preserve new media art is to disseminate the work together with the relevant documentation that includes metadata as well as contextual information. Establishing the structure of this documentation can pose a great challenge since it involves recording as many aspects as possible of artistic activities including new technologies, as well as the history of the evolution of new art forms. The accompanying documentation is envisaged as an interpretation, rather than mere illustration of the new media art - as an interface that makes it possible to explore the networked structured work, rather than just to capture or contain it. Therefore the nature of archives is redefined from the notion of storing the information, to that of navigation, of establishing links between pieces of information, of mapping, and of the ability to identify relevant information.
- http://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=152
- Version of paper presented at the ARS Electronica Festival, 2001
-

Digital Preservation of Moving Image Material?
Besser, Howard
(Date Created: 2001)
- This article, submitted to The Moving Image, Fall 2001, describes the digital technology induced changes occurring in the production and distribution processes of moving image material. The author indicates two paradigm shifts likely for moving image preservation: complete works vs asset management and the physical artifact vs content. General approaches to digital preservation and problems for moving image archivists are also discussed.
- http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Papers/amia-longevity.html
-

Digital Video Preservation Reformatting Project : a Report
Media Matters
(Date Created: Jun 2004)
- This report (88 p., 2MB) was undertaken on behalf of the Dance Heritage Coalition and funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. It is intended that the results of this research will be used as the basis of a nationally-accepted model, providing a technical foundation to those engaged in dance documentation and preservation, as well as others who use videotape to document their experiences and research. The report describes some of the problems with lossy compression compared to the viability of JPEG 2000 compression as a lossless alternative. Also discussed is the concept of 'file wrappers' by audiovisual digital media which combines video files, audio files, and metadata into a single, unified format. A chief goal of this report was to endorse a specific file format to use for the preservation of dance material. The report concludes by recommending the file format Material Exchange Format (MXF) container format. The report also recommends use of JPEG 2000 compression, as it serves preservation needs and is affordable to implement.
- http://www.danceheritage.org/preservation/Digital_Video_Preservation_R
eport.doc
- Digitizing Audio for the National Gallery of the Spoken Word and the African Online Digital Library: Working Paper
Michigan State University
(Africa)
- This paper outlines some of the key concepts in speech digitization and a working model for digitizing speech for archival purposes.
- http://www.aodl.org/westafrica/audio.php
-

Digitizing the World's Largest Collection of Natural Sounds : Key Factors to Consider when Transferring Analog-Based Audio Materials to Digital Formats
Grotke, Robert W
In: RLG DigiNews
(Date Created: 15 Feb 2004)
(United States of America)
- This article provides an overview of the steps undertaken by the Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds at Cornell University (USA) in converting its analog tape-based sound collection to digital storage. The article describes the Library's choices regarding digital media and data format selection, quality standards for data creation, monitoring of the archive and long-term storage.
- http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file3
683.html#article0
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Echoes of Art : Emulation as a Preservation Strategy
Variable Media Network
(Date Created: 08 May 2004)
- This is the transcript of the conference held at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum on May 8, 2004.
- http://www.variablemedia.net/e/echoes/index.html
-

Ephemeral Will Endure : the Future of Conceptual Art and Digital Preservation
Sharp, Rebecca
In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter
(Date Created: Aug 2002)
(United States of America)
- Based on an interview with Jon Ippolito, Co-ordinator of the Variable Media Initiative (VMI) at the Guggenheim Museum in New York, this article addresses the main components of the VMI. The initiative allows artists working with ephemeral media formats to collaborate with museum and media consultants to produce appropriate preservation strategies for their works. Through the use of an interactive questionnaire, artists specify “preservation and dissemination options according to the properties unique to their work”, thus further enabling this area of art history to be available to future generations.
- http://www.digicult.info/downloads/digicult_info2.pdf
- Evaluating Preservation Strategies for Audio and Video Files
Pavuza, Franz ; Rauber, Andreas; Rauch, Carl; Strodl, Stephan
(Date Created: May 2005)
- This article describes the decision making workflow using Utility Analysis as a way of comparing, ranking and evaluating the various preservation strategies for audio and video files. Two case studies are used to illustrate the process. A more detailed discussion of Utility Analysis as it applies to digital preservation can be found at Preserving Digital Media : Towards a Preservation Solution Evaluation Metric.
- http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~andi/publications/pdf/rau_digrep05.pdf
- Proceedings of the DELOS Workshop on Digital Repositories: Interoperability and Common Services, May 11-13 2005, Heraklion, Greece.
- Evaluation of Motion JPEG 2000 for Video Archiving
Gill, Michael; Pearson, Glenn
(Date Created: Apr 2005)
(United States of America)
- This paper discusses the applicability of Motion JPEG 2000 (MJ2) as a format for long term video preservation. This paper examines three MJ2 implementations - Kakadu, Morgan Multimedia's codec and Open JPEG 2000.
- http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/pearson/MJ2_video_archiving.pdf
- Paper presented at the Archiving 2005 conference, April 26-29, 2005, Washington D.C.
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How to Preserve Digital Art
Mayfield, Kendra
(Date Created: 23 Jul 2002)
(United States of America)
- A news article providing an overview of the Archiving the Avant Garde project.
- http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2002/07/53712
-

Integrity and Authenticity of Digital Cultural Heritage Objects
DigiCult Consortium
(Date Created: Aug 2002)
- The first of three thematic issue papers from the Preservation and Enhancement of Cultural Heritage Unit of the Information Society Directorate General of the European Commission addresses issues of preservation of the integrity and authenticity of digital objects. Amongst the articles are a discussion of what constitutes authenticity, a paper outlining the level at which authenticity should be addressed, a listing of standards and projects, and an argument for cooperation. The journal is illustrated with case studies from traditional archives as well as sound and vision archives.
- http://www.digicult.info/downloads/thematic_issue_1_final.pdf
- Interactive Multimedia on CD-ROM: Experiments With Risk Assessment
Jimenez, Mona
(Date Created: 01 Jul 2008)
(United States of America)
- This paper discusses collection and item level assessments of CD-ROMs, multimedia titles held in the Avery Fisher Center for Music and Media in the Elmer Holmes Bobst Library at New York University as part of the Moving Image Archiving and Preservation Program. Strategies discussed include viewing works in their native environments, grouping titles with similar preservation needs, dependencies of early multimedia, and development of appropriate preservation workflows.
- http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/084-Jimenez-en.pdf
- World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA General Conference and Council, Quebec, 10-14 Aug 2008
-
International Organisation for Standardisation : Organisation Internationale De Normalisation : ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11: Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio : MPEG-21 Overview v.5
MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group)
(Date Created: Oct 2002)
- "MPEG-21 aims at defining a normative open framework for multimedia delivery and consumption for use by all the players in the delivery and consumption chain. This open framework will provide content creators, producers, distributors and service providers with equal opportunities in the MPEG-21 enabled open market. This will also be to the benefit of the content consumer providing them access to a large variety of content in an interoperable manner."
- http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-21/mpeg-21.htm
- International Preservation News No. 46 (IPN 46): Preservation of Audiovisual Collections Still Images and Sound
IFLA-PAC
(Date Created: Dec 2008)
- This issue of International Preservation News, IPN 46 is devoted to the preservation of audiovisual collections, still images and sound. Articles of particular interest include: Digitization of Transparencies by Pierre Hauri; Digitization of Sound Archives at the National Library of France by Dominique Théron; and a group of articles on Preservation of Audiovisual Collections in Developing Countries.
- http://archive.ifla.org/VI/4/news/ipnn46.pdf
- International Preservation News No. 46, I ISSN 0890 - 4960, December 2008
- International Preservation News No. 47 (IPN 47): Preservation of Audiovisual Collections Moving Images
IFLA-PAC
(Date Created: May 2009)
- This issue of International Preservation News contains interesting articles on the preservation of moving images. Articles include:
Video archiving and the dilemma of data compression by Dietrich Schüller; Presto-PrestoSpace-PrestoPRIME by Daniel Teruggi; Preservation of broadcast archives - a BBC perspective by Richard Wright; La stratégie de sauvegarde et de numérisation des archives
de l’Institut National de l’Audiovisuel, 1999-2015 by Dominique Saintville; Preserving Digital Public Television: Is there life after broadcasting by Nan Rubin; Long-term digital preservation of a new media performance: "Can we re-perform it in 100 years?" by Viliam Šimko, Michal Máša and David Giaretta; KEEP: L’Europe veille à ses documents électroniques by Jean-Philippe Humblot; Technical and normative scenarios in the medium and long term for libraries audiovisual collections by Henri Hudrisier and Alain Vaucelle; and, Conservation and Preservation in Malaysia and Singapore by Aurélie Bosc.
- http://www.ifla.org/files/pac/IPN_47_web.pdf
- International Preservation News No 47 May 2009 ISSN0890 - 4960
-
IRCAM Digital Sound Archive In Context
Donin, Nicolas; Fingerhut, Michael; Stiegler, Bernard
In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter
(Date Created: Dec 2003)
(France)
- This article describes the digital sound archive at IRCAM (Institute de Recherche et de coordination acoustique/musique), an associate department of the Centre Pompidou in France. It looks at the emergence of IRCAM’s Multimedia Library and digital collections, describes its multimedia library system, including an overview of the steps undertaken to ensure digital preservation and access.
- http://www.digicult.info/downloads/dc_info_issue6_december_20031.pdf
- Large Scale Digitization of Oral History : A Case Study
Weig, Eric; Terry, Kopana; Lybarger, Kathryn
(Date Created: May 2007)
(United States of America)
- This article describes an analog-to-digital reformatting pilot project for oral histories at the University of Kentucky. It considers preservation and access requirements and minimizing the costs of large scale conversion.
- http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may07/weig/05weig.html
- D-Lib Magazine Vol 13 No. 5/6, May/June 2007
- Legal Deposit of Audiovisual and Multimedia Material in France: The Example of the Audiovisual Department of the National Library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France / BnF)
Cordereix, Pascal
(Date Created: 06 Jun 2008)
(France)
- This paper delivered at World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA General Conference and Council
(10-14 August 2008, Québec, Canada) sets out the principles of legal deposit of Audiovisual and Multimedia material employed by the Audiovisual Department of the BnF. It also describes the preservation plan and systematic digitisation of the material held, the audiovisual system of the Audiovisual Department and the challenge of Web-based materials.
- http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/095-Cordereix-trans-en.pdf
- Also available in French http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/095-Sambaino-es.pdf
- Legal Deposit of Audiovisual and Multimedia Materials in Scandinavia
Valberg, Trond
(Date Created: 06 Jun 2008)
(Scandinavia)
- This paper presented at the World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA General Conference and Council (10-14 August 2008, Québec, Canada) introduces and compares the legal deposit acts of Denmark, Sweden and Norway. It lists the institutions which collect audiovisual and multimedia materials and describes differences in practice and the challenges of collecting internet materials.
- http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/095-Valberg-en.pdf
- Also available in French, German & Chinese from http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/Programme2008.htm
- Legal Deposit of Audiovisual Materials at Library and Archives Canada
Green, Richard; Husband, Kathryn
(Date Created: Jun 2008)
(Canada)
- This paper given at World Library and Information Congress, 74th IFLA General Conference and Council (1-0-14 August 2008, Québec Canada), reviews the Library and Archives Canada (LAC) response to the challenge of legal deposit of audiovisual material since legal deposit of these formats was introduced in 1969. It also considers how LAC will deal with the new challenges as electronic publications (including music and audiovisual files) became subject to legal deposit in 2007.
- http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/095-Husband_Green-en.pdf
-

Longevity of Electronic Art
Besser, Howard
(Date Created: Feb 2001)
- This paper, submitted to the International Cultural Heritage Informatics Meeting, 2001, highlights the problems in preserving electronic art. It describes the approaches to preserving electronic resources in general, notes the special characteristics of electronic artworks that pose challenges for preservation and proposes practical strategies for preserving electronic art.
- http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Papers/elect-art-longevity.html
-
Meeting the Challenge of Film Research in the Electronic Age
Arnold, Stephen; Owen, Catherine; Pearson, Tony
In: D-Lib magazine
(Date Created: Mar 2000)
- This article, from the Performing Arts Data Service (PADS), talks about the "challenges facing library professionals and those working in film archives in building online collections of data for use in film research and teaching". Aspects such as documentation and film cataloguing and rights management issues are covered.
- http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march00/owen/03owen.html
- In D-Lib Magazine, Vol 6, No. 3
-
Museums and the Web 2000: Sessions
Archives and Museum Informatics
(Date Created: Apr 2000)
(United States of America)
- Links to abstracts are available from this page.
- http://www.archimuse.com/mw2000/sessions/index.html
- Selected conference papers may be ordered: https://www2.archimuse.com/pub_order/pub.order.secure.html
-
Museums Seek Methods for Preserving Digital Art
Carlson, Scott
(Date Created: 28 May 2002)
- A short news article of an interview with Mark Tribe about the Archiving the Avant Garde project, that seeks to establish a set of guidelines for preservation of digital works of art.
- http://chronicle.com/free/2002/05/2002052802t.htm
- New Approaches to Television Archiving
Ubois, Jeff
In: First Monday
(Date Created: Mar 2005)
- The current approach to broadcast archiving is fragmented due to differing standards, legal considerations and costs. This has resulted in only a small percentage of output bring preserved. The development of digital broadcasting has also introduced new archiving issues. This article discusses the types of institutions involved in television archiving, some technical and legal issues and suggestions for collaboration in order to achieve a more comprehensive approach to archiving this medium.
- http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view
/1210
- New Media Art: New Challenges for Museums in the 21st Century
Gagnier, Richard; Lafaille, Madeleine; Tolmatch, Elaine; Zeppetelli, Anne Marie
(Date Created: 31 Mar 2008)
(United States of America)
- This paper delivered at Museums and the Web 2008 (Montreal, Quebec April 9-12, 2008) discusses the challenges of acquisition, exhibition and preservation of media art in museum collections and the related research by DOCAM Research Alliance. Also discussed are conclusions drawn from a survey of new media cataloguing practices, cataloging and conservation strategies and the need for preservation.
- http://www.archimuse.com/mw2008/papers/gagnier/gagnier.html
- Also available on CD-ROM -J. Trant and D Bearman (eds.) Museums and the Web 2008. Proceedings and online.
-
Nonprint Media Preservation: A Guide To Resources On The Web
Pennavaria, Katherine
(Date Created: Sep 2003)
(United States of America)
- This article provides an overview of web resources relating to the preservation of audiovisual media. The resources cover policies, guidelines and articles, with several pertaining to the long-term preservation of digital media.
- http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/publications/crlnews/2003/sep/n
onprintmedia.cfm
- In C&RL News, September 2003, Vol. 64, No. 8
-
Open Video Digital Library
Geisler, Gary; Marchionini, Gary
(Date Created: Dec 2002)
(United States of America)
- An overview of the Open Video Digital Library (OVDL) at the University of North Carolina. The article reviews the theoretical and practical goals of the digital library, provides some detail of its makeup, architecture and user interface and notes the digital library's future directions.
- http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december02/marchionini/12marchionini.html
- Perspectives of Long-term Preservation of Multimedia Objects
Coy, Wolfgang
(Date Created: Apr 2006)
(Germany)
- This is a 2 page English summary of an 81 p. document originally published in German, "Perspektiven der Langzeitarchivierung multimedialer Objekte". It is part of a series of 7 digital preservation papers commissioned by nestor. The summary features an outline of issues and tasks in regard to multimedia formats, sustainability, metadata and media types. There is also a list of recommendations concerning therse issues.
- http://www.langzeitarchivierung.de/downloads/mat/05_summary.pdf
- nestor studies; 5
-
Pixel Rosetta Stone: Packings and Colorspaces
Pirazzi, Chris
(Last Updated: 6 Aug 1998)
- This site is an example of how bytes and pixels can be described to provide a method of interpreting a bit stream of video on Silicon Graphics machines.
- http://www.lurkertech.com/lg/packings/
- Available from the SGI Lurkers Guide to video.
- Presentation of Audiovisual Materials. TAPE Expert Meeting Deutsche Kinemathek – Museum für Film und Fernsehen, Berlin 24-25 January 2008
TAPE (Training for Audiovisual Preservation in Europe)
(Date Created: Jun 2008)
- This brochure (7.68 MB, 5 p.) reports on a TAPE Expert Meeting held at the Deutsche Kinemathek – Museum für Film und Fernsehen, Berlin (24-25 January 2008). The meeting discussed issues relating to the presentation of audiovisual materials on the web and in offline products and exhibits. The role and tasks of institutions in presentation of content, creation of products and services i.e. opportunities for re-use rather than technical aspects were explored. NB: Links are included in the brochure to summaries and powerpoint presentations but these are not working. See instead the links on the workshop summary page on the TAPE website.
- http://www.tape-online.net/access_report.pdf
- Preservation and/or Documentation : the Conservation of Media Art
Wijers, Gaby
(Date Created: 02 Feb 2005)
- This article was originally written as background information for the 2005 Media Art Preservation Conference. It gives an overview or media based art preservation and documentation strategies as well as obstacles to these strategies.
- http://www.montevideo.nl/en/nieuws/detail.php?id=72&archief=
- Preservation of Art in the Digital Realm
Au Yeung, Tim; Carpendale, Sheelagh; Greenberg, Saul
(Date Created: 29 Sep 2008)
- This paper given at iPRES 2008 (British Library Conference Centre, 29-30 Sept 2008) discusses the challenge of preserving art in the digital context, through several case studies on new media art.
- http://www.bl.uk/ipres2008/presentations_day1/06_Au%20Yeung.pdf
- Preservation of Digital Audiovisual Content
Wright, Richard
(Date Created: 10 Jun 2008)
- This Digital Preservation Europe (DPE) briefing paper discusses the problem of digital Audiovisual (AV) preservation not being addressed by current technology. It recommends that 1) AV collections use existing digital library and digital preservation technology; 2) technology should advance, to support time-based media; and 3) mass storage and general information technology should advance, to
support the specific requirements of AV files.
- http://www.digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/briefs/audiovisua
l_v3.pdf
- Digital Preservation Europe Briefing Paper
-

Preservation Science Survey: An Overview of Recent Developments in Research on the Conservation of Selected Analog Library and Archival Materials
Porck, Henk J.; Teygeler, René
(Date Created: Mar 2001)
- This report presents an overview of recent research in the preservation of three information carriers: paper, film and photographic materials, and magnetic tape.
- http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/PUBL/pdf/2211.pdf
-

Preserving Europe's Memory: PRESTO shows how to preserve Multi-media in the most cost-effective fashion
Richard Wright
In: Cultivate Interactive
(Last Updated: 06 Jan 2003)
- This article outlines the PRESTO project which is looking at multimedia preservation issues for both analogue and digital media. The project is developing cost-effective and collaborative technologies and workflows for preserving multimedia.
- http://www.cultivate-int.org/issue7/presto/
- Preserving Interactive Multi-Media Art: A Case Study in Preservation Planning
Becker, Christoph; Kolar, Gunther; Kung, Josef; Rauber, Andreas
(Date Created: 12 Dec 2007)
(Austria)
- This paper presented at ICADL 2007 (10th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, Hanoi Vietnam 10-13 December 2007 ) presents the findings of a pilot project for preserving born-digital interactive multi-media art. The paper discusses the challenges in preserving this kind of work, related work, the PLANETS preservation planning approach and a case study on Ars Electronica museum in Linz Austria.
- http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/pub-inf_5204.pdf
- Available D.H.-L. Goh et al. (Eds.): ICADL 2007, LNCS 4822, pp. 257–266, 2007
-
Preserving Oral History Recordings
Bradley, Kevin; Webb, Colin
In: Ariadne
(Date Created: Mar 1997)
(Australia)
- This paper discusses the practical realities, and implications, of introducing digital technology into the sound preservation functions of the National Library of Australia.
- http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue8/oral-history/
- PrestoSpace Data Model
Dimino, Giorgio
(Date Created: 06 Feb 2009)
- This Digital Preservation Europe briefing paper outlines the characteristics of the PrestoSpace Data Model. The PrestoSpace Project (Feb 2004 to January 2008) focused on techniques to improve digital preservation and access to large audiovisual collections.
- http://www.digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/briefs/prestospac
e_data_model.pdf
- Digital Preservation Europe Briefing Paper
- Providing Access to European Television Heritage
Oomen, Johan; Tzouvaras, Vassilis
In: Ariadne
(Date Created: Oct 2007)
- This article describes the background and development of the Video Active Portal which will provide access to television heritage material from European archives.
- http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue53/ooman-tzouvaras/
- Pushing the Boundaries of Traditional Heritage Policy: Maintaining Long-term Access to Multimedia Content by Introducing Emulation and Contextualization Instead of Accepting Inevitable Loss
Miura, Gregory
(Date Created: 23 Nov 2006)
(France)
- This paper outlines the directions of the Audiovisual Department of the Biblioteque Nationale de France to maintain a collection multimedia material and electronic documents. Experimental technical solutions and emulation are discussed.
- http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla72/papers/091-Miura-en.pdf
- Quest for a Digital Strategy - Quixotic or realistic?
Watson, David
(Date Created: 2007)
(Australia)
- This article provides a rationale for the Australian National Film & Sound Archives digital strategy. It discusses the challenges audiovisual archives have in providing online access, digitisation of collections and ongoing preservation.
- http://www.nfsa.afc.gov.au/docs/NFSAJournal_V2N1_web.pdf
- Available in NFSA Journal, Vol 2, No. 1 2007, pp.6-10
-
Report on the Sixth European Conference on Digital Libraries
Buchanan, George
(Date Created: Oct 2002)
- A report on the 6th European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL 2002), held in Rome, 15-18 September, 2002. A greater focus on the technical aspects of digital libraries is noted, with web archiving, architecture, standards and usability included as major topics.
- http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october02/buchanan/10buchanan.html
-
Research into Four Media Installations
Wijers, Gaby; van Saaze, Vivian
(Date Created: Dec 2003)
- Four case studies are used to illustrate the various aspects of the documentation, registration and preservation of multimedia art. The main objectives of the study were to identify what particular aesthetic and technical elements are essential, and should be preserved in order to ensure that the integrity and significance of the work remain intact during future presentations and to identify the criteria for preservation and re-installation.
- http://www.montevideo.nl/en/nieuws/detail.php?id=52&archief=ja&showjaa
r=2003&beginjaar=2004
- Review of Digital Cinema
Watson, David
(Date Created: 2007)
(Australia)
- This article is not strictly about digital preservation concerns, however it does describe digital cinema from a technological perspective in the Australian environment. It also considers the National Film & Sound Archives strategic position and how it will use digital cinema in the future for providing access and its preservation considerations.
- http://www.nfsa.afc.gov.au/docs/NFSAJournal_V2N1_web.pdf
- Available in NFSA Journal, Vol 2, No. 1, 2007
-

RLG Open Forum: Converging, Emerging Standards for Digital Preservation
Research Libraries Group
(Date Created: Jun 2002)
(United States of America)
- This page provides links to presentations made at the RLG Open Forum held on June 16, 2002, as part of the American Library Association (ALA) Annual Conference in Altanta, Georgia, USA. Topics include standards work in preservation metadata for various media, the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) and work with the Open Archival Information Systems (OAIS) model.
- http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/09/28/0000073852/viewer/file5
46.html
-

Safeguarding of the Audio Heritage: Ethics, Principles and Preservation Strategy
IASA Technical Committee
(Last Updated: Dec 2005)
- This paper identifies problem areas and proposes recommended practices for sound and AV archives for today's technical environment. These recommendations are a balance between the ideal situation and the real world that we inhabit. They are intended to help the reader to focus on the various issues relating to responsible audio archiving practice.
- http://www.iasa-web.org/downloads/publications/TC03_English.pdf
-
Screen Savers
Berwick, Carly
(Date Created: Sep 2002)
(United States of America)
- This article looks at efforts undertaken in the United States to preserve digital and other new-media artworks. It highlights artist-museum conservation partnerships as seen at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; describes initiatives such as the Variable Media Initiative at the Guggenheim Museum in New York and profiles both the Conceptual and Intermedia Arts On-line (CIAO), as well as the collaborative project “Archiving the Avant-Garde”, which looks at case studies and digital preservation strategies for new-media art.
- http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=1170
- Also available in ARTnews, September 2002, Vol 101, Issue 8, pp. 124-125, ISSN 0004-3273 and by subscription online at www.ebscohost.com/
- Significance of Storage in the ‘Cost of Risk’ of Digital Preservation
Addis, Matthew; Miller, Ant; Wright, Richard
(Date Created: 29 Sep 2008)
- This paper given at iPRES 2008 (British Library Conference Centre, 29-30 Sept. 2008) discusses the significance of storage, costs and risks of digital storage systems for preserving audiovisual material. It looks at cost and cost-of risk modelling, minimisation of risk and cost of risk and mitigation of loss. It argues that not compressing the data is best for mitigation of loss and reduction of the cost of risk.
- http://www.bl.uk/ipres2008/presentations_day1/21_Wright.pdf
-
Sound Savings : Preserving Audio Collections : Proceedings from the Symposium
Association of Research Libraries (ASL)
(Date Created: 24 Jul 2003)
- These are the papers of the Sound Savings symposium, held July 24-26, 2003. Of particular interest is Review of Audio Collection Preservation Trends and Challenges by Samuel Brylawski and The Library of Congress Digital Audio Preservation Prototyping Project by Carl Fleischhauer.
- http://www.arl.org/preserv/sound_savings_proceedings/
-
Stairways to Digital Heaven? Preserving Oral History Recordings at the National Library of Australia
National Library of Australia; Webb, Colin
(Last Updated: 13 Nov 1996)
(Australia)
- The National Library of Australia embarked on a program of digital conversion for its large Oral History collection. This paper provides some of the context for this project and the planning processes involved in the decision to digitise. The process is then described, with some discussion of advantages and disadvantages, and some issues for the future.
- http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/cwebb2.html
- STORAGE : Ten Year Forecast of Storage Evolution
Moreira, Fernando
(Date Created: 28 Feb 2006)
- This document presents a 10 year forecast for storage technologies, including hard disc drives, datatape and optical media. The document also discusses current limitations of these technologies, new research and developing technologies.
- http://www.prestospace.org/project/deliverables/D12-5.pdf
-

And Then There's the Rest of the Stuff : the Role of the PANDORA Archive
Koerbin, Paul
(Date Created: 13 May 2004)
(Australia)
- This paper gives an overview of the PANDORA Archive at the National Library of Australia. It describes PANDORA and its management system, PANDAS, and the advantages and disadvantages of selective archiving, as well as various technical and legal issues. Specific problems relating to the harvesting and archiving of multimedia, sound and video are also briefly examined.
- http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/2004/koerbin1.html
- Paper given at the Australasian Sound Recording Association 2004 Conference 'Sounding Out a Cultural Heritage'
- UMID - Unique Material Identifier
Wallaszkovits, Nadja; Liebl, Christian
(Date Created: Feb 2009)
- This Digital Preservation Europe Briefing Paper provides an overview of the UMID - Unique Material Identifier, which is used to identify audiovisual materials and is a key component of digital asset management systems.
- http://www.digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/briefs/UMID_Uniqu
e%20Material%20Identifier.pdf
- Digital Preservation Europe Briefing Paper
- UNESCO Instrument for the Safeguarding and Preservation of the Audiovisual Heritage : CCAAA Issues Paper
Coordinating Council of Audiovisual Archive Associations (CCAAA)
(Date Created: 01 Apr 2005)
- UNESCO originally adopted the Recommendation for the Safeguarding and Preservation of Moving Images in 1980. This issues paper presents the case for a new UNESCO instrument for the safeguarding and preservation of audiovisual heritage. The issues paper describes changes in scope, terminology, technology, copyright, legal deposit, standards and international cooperation since the original publication. The paper concludes with a list of recommendations.
- http://www.ccaaa.org/ccaaa_heritage.pdf
- Version 1. Also available in .doc format
- Variable and Unstable : Preserving and Documenting Our Digital Art Heritage
Depocas, Alain
(Date Created: Nov 2004)
- This article describes various initiatives in developing new methodologies, standards and documentation in variable or new media art. These initiatives include the Centre for Research and Documentation at the Daniel Langlois Foundation, and the Variable Media Network.
- http://www.horizonzero.ca/textsite/ghost.php?is=18&file=7&tlang=0
- HorizonZero Digital Art + Culture in Canada, Issue 18, Nov/Dec 2004
- VI European Conference on Archives: Archives between past and future
Associazione Nazionale Archivistica Italiana
(Date Created: Jun 2001)
- Abstracts of VI European Conference on Archives: Archives between past and future
- http://www.anai.org/conferenza%20europea/
- Video Preservation : The Basics
Experimental Television Center
(Date Created: 2000)
- Produced as part of the Video History Project, this article gives a general introduction to electronic media preservation. The paper includes discussion of digital preservation issues, and provides profiles of, and links to, other preservation organisations.
- http://www.experimentaltvcenter.org/history/preservation/preservation_
toc.php3?id=1
-
Videotape Preservation Fact Sheets: Association of Moving Image Archivists
Association of Moving Image Archivists
(Date Created: 2002)
- These fact sheets address topics such as Magnetic Tape Preservation: An Introduction, A very brief history of videotape; Structure and Composition of Videotape; Estimating Tape Life; Reformatting for Preservation, Do's and Dont's of magnetic tape care and Environmental conditions.
- http://www.amianet.org/resources/guides/fact_sheets.pdf
-
YLE Digital Sound Archive
Frilander, Jouni; Gronow, Pekka; Home, Petri; Petaja, Markku; Salosaari, Pekka ; Vihonen, Lasse
In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter
(Date Created: Aug 2003)
(Finland)
- This article looks at the challenges and issues faced by Yleisradio (YLE) - Finland’s public service broadcaster - in relation to the establishment of a digital sound archive of broadcast materials. Areas explored include the background and different types of collections in the archive; the main goals, functions and components of adopting a digital system and aims for the radio archive's digital preservation plan.
- http://data.digicult.info/download/digicult_newsletter_issue4_highres.
pdf
Top
-
Audiovisual Archives: A Practical Reader
Harrison, Helen P.
(Date Created: Jul 1997)
- "This Reader was compiled with a view to meeting an acknowledged need for practical information to enable audiovisual archivists in all countries and in developing countries in particular, to function efficiently. The aim was to collate information already published to provide a handy reference tool for personnel working in an audiovisual archive. This online version gives an overview of the Reader, a list of papers, and a selection of articles containing basic information on archival practices."
- http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001096/109612eo.pdf
-

Audiovisual Archiving : Philosophy and Principles
Edmondson, Ray
(Date Created: Apr 2004)
- This document (83 p.) provides a broad introduction to the basic concepts and issues in audiovisual archives and archiving, and includes an overview of the technical and management issues in preserving audiovisual material.
- http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001364/136477e.pdf
- 2nd edition
- Copyright and Related Issues Relevant to Digital Preservation and Dissemination of Unpublished Pre-1972 Sound Recordings by Libraries and Archives
Besek, June M.
(Date Created: Mar 2009)
(United States of America)
- This report which was commissioned by the National Recording Preservation Board, Library of Congress addresses the question of what libraries and archives are legally empowered to do to preserve and make accessible for research their holdings of unpublished pre-1972 sound recordings in the U.S.
- ISBN: 9781932326321
- http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub144abst.html
- CLIR Report no. 144
- Digital Dilemma: Strategic Issues in Archiving and Accessing Motion Picture Materials
Science and Technology Council of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
(Last Updated: Feb 2008)
(United States of America)
- This detailed report (84 p., 1 MB PDF) investigates the implications of digital technology for the motion picture industry‘s long-term preservation needs. It includes consideration of likely costs and risks, comparison with current practice in other industries, and case studies of motion pictures that used digital processes for production and mastering.
- http://www.oscars.org/science-technology/council/projects/digitaldilem
ma/index.html
- Available for download as PDF or purchase in print from the Academy.
-
Directory of Information Sources On Scientific Research Related to the Preservation of Sound Recordings, Still And Moving Images, and Magnetic Tape
Child, Margaret
(Date Created: Sep 1993)
- This directory focuses on two areas of concern: how to prolong the usable life of information on current physical carriers through safe environmental storage and correct handling and use; and how to ensure access to information when technology is changing.
- ISBN: 1-887334-27-0
- http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/child/child.html
- Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects
International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA)
(Date Created: Aug 2004)
- These guidelines discuss key principles and standards, metadata, signal extraction from originals and target formats in the production and preservation of digital audio objects. It includes information on the reproduction of optical disk media such as CD and DVD and digital magnetic carriers. Target formats and systems include Digital Mass Storage Systems (DMSS), optical disks and magneto-optical (MO) disks.
- ISBN: 8799030918
- http://www.iasa-web.org/special_publications.asp
- Publication number - TC04. Order from http://www.iasa-web.org/iasa0022.htm. Currently only available in hardcopy.
- Moving Images and Sound Archiving Study
Anderson, Sheila; Beer, Emma; Polfreman, Malcolm ; Tanner, Simon; Wilson, Andrew
(Date Created: Jun 2006)
(United Kingdom)
- The report (130 p.) is part of a series of feasibility studies produced by the AHDS (Arts and Humanities Data Service) which aim to assess the preservation risk and retention criteria for digital content. The Moving Images and Sound Archiving Study forms part of the feasibility study programme and has been funded to understand more fully the preservation challenges of digital moving image and sound files, to scope the preservation requirements and to determine archiving methodologies and future research directions. Issues that relate to moving images and sound that are explored include their properties, preservation methods, metadata, life cycle models and assessment of preservation costs. The study was conducted from September 2005 to May 2006
- http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/Moving%20Images%20and%20Sound
%20Archiving%20Study1.doc
-
Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries: 6th European Conference, ECDL 2002, Rome, Italy, September 16-18, 2002. Proceedings
Springer (Agosti, M; Thanos, C (Eds.))
(Date Created: Sep 2002)
- Contains links to abstracts and papers presented at ECDL 2002 in areas of web archiving, e-book and web technologies, navigation, information and audiovisual retrieval, multimedia, preservation, classification and metadata. Access to the table of contents and abstracts is free-of-charge. (Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol 2458)
- ISBN: 3-540-44178-6
- http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=issue&issn=0302-9743&vol
ume=2458
- Tracking the Reel World: A Survey of Audiovisual Collections in Europe
Klijn, Edwin; de Lusenet, Yola
(Date Created: Jan 2008)
- This detailed report (168 pp) was published in the framework of TAPE (Training for Audiovisual Preservation in Europe), from data collected from archives libraries and museums across Europe. It reports on preservation and access of sound and moving image materials outside the broadcasting and large audiovisual archives. It documents new technology used for preservation and access and concerns related to the digital environment.
- ISBN: 9789069845463
- http://www.tape-online.net/docs/tracking_the_reel_world.pdf
- Available as PDF and from ECPA Secretariat http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/
-

Variable Media Approach - Permanence through Change
Depocas, Alain ; Ippolito, Jon ; Jones, Caitlin
(Date Created: 2003)
- The Variable Media Network is a group of cultural institutions in the USA seeking approaches to preserve digital art. Digital art is particularly evasive as it may be distributed, ephemeral, or interactive in nature. Possible preservation approaches may be emulation or also ‘re-interpretation’; the latter attempts to capture the key ideas of a piece of art and allows considerable freedom in reproducing these key ideas in the future. In any approach the artist must be tightly engaged in preservation activities. This publication describes the Variable Media Approach, at the basis of which is a questionnaire designed to capture the essence of a digital artwork. Numerous case studies illustrate the approach.
- ISBN: 0-9684693-2-9
- http://www.variablemedia.net/pdf/Permanence.pdf
Top
- 2009 ARSC : 43rd Annual Association for Recorded Sound Collections Conference
27 - 30 May 2009
, Washington D.C.
(United States of America)
- Program includes talks on preservation of digital audio.
- http://www.arsc-audio.org/conference/
-
404 Object Not Found : What Remains of Media Art?
19 - 22 Jun 2003
, Dortmund
(Germany)
- International congress concerning the production, presentation and preservation of media art. Includes links to presentations.
- http://www.hartware-projekte.de/programm/inhalt/eueng.htm
- AMIA Annual Conference 2003
18 - 22 Nov 2003
, Vancouver, British Columbia
(Canada)
- Includes sessions on data migration and authenticity.
- http://www.amianet.org/events/pastcons/2003.pdf
- ARSC (Association for Recorded Sound Collections) Conference 2007
02 - 05 May 2007
, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(United States of America)
- "In keeping with the conference theme, we will be featuring presentations dealing with the dawn of recorded sound and the transition from mechanical musical instruments (music boxes, player pianos and orchestrions) to devices meant to capture and/or reproduce sound (phonographs and magnetic recorders). Like all ARSC conferences, we will have a pre-conference workshop, technical sessions and presentations dealing with issues of interest to archives and collectors alike, such as copyright, access, discography and preservation."
- http://www.arsc-audio.org/conference/2007/
- CDs available from website
- Audiovisuals as Cultural Heritage and Their Use in Museums. 3rd International Conference of Museology, ICOM-AVCOM Annual Conference
05 - 08 Jun 2006
, Myteline, University of the Aegean
(Greece)
- One of the issues discussed is digital preservation of audiovisual material in museums. Abstracts available for download in PDF.
- http://www.aegean.gr/culturaltec/museum/2006/default_EN.html
- Website also available in Greek and French.
- Australasian Sound Recordings Association (ASRA) Conference 2006
23 - 25 Aug 2006
, National Film and Sound Archive, Canberra
Australasian Sound Recordings Association (ASRA)
(Australia)
- Theme "Listening". Conference held at the National Film & Sound Archive in Canberra Australia.
- http://home.vicnet.net.au/~sound/events/conference_2006.htm
- Digital Archive Fever :CHArt Twenty-third Annual Conference
08 - 09 Nov 2007
, Birkbeck, University of London, 43 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PD
(United Kingdom)
- Programme and abstracts available.
- http://www.chart.ac.uk/chart2007/index.html
- Digital Preservation Weaving Factory for Analogue Audio Collections
19 Nov 2008
, Florence, Italy
(Italy)
- This workshop to be held during the international conference AXMEDIS'08 is organised in collaboration with ISTI-CNR, DELOS, University of Milan, IRTEM and eMARTlab. The workshop will explore criteria and methods of the audio resources digitalization; standards and tools for the storage of digitized contents and their improvement.
- http://ra.crema.unimi.it/DPWF08
- Electronic Media Group : 34th Annual Meeting
17 Jun 2006
, Westin, Providence, Rhode Island
(United States of America)
- Abstracts available from website.
- http://aic.stanford.edu/sg/emg/meetings/past/2006-providence/index.htm
l
- IASA 2008: International Association of Sound and Visual Archives Annual Conference: No Archive is an Island
14 - 19 Sep 2008
, National Maritime Museum, Sydney Australia
International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives
(Australia)
- The 2008 conference of the International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA) was hosted by the Australasian Sound Recordings Association (ASRA) at the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney, Australia. The conference explored the activities, achievements, interconnections and relationships between individuals and institutions active in the field of sound and audiovisual collections.
- http://www.iasa2008.com/
- Abstracts available from the website.
- IASA 2009 40th Annual Conference :Towards a New Kind of Archive? The Digital Philosophy in Audiovisual Archives
20 - 25 Sep 2009
, Athens, Greece
International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives
(Greece)
- This conference will consider audiovisual archives in the digital age. Themes will include convergence, digital preservation, digitisation, degradation of analogue media, loss of replay equipment, selection policies, user expectations., role of national audiovisual archives, archiving web and new media audiovisual content and ethics of digital archives.
- http://www.iasa2009.com/eng.html
- Joint BAAC and LCSA Annual Conference : Aggregation and Management of Audiovisual Content in the Digital Space
04 - 07 Oct 2009
, Vilnius, Lithuania
Baltic Audiovisual Archival Council
(Lithuania)
- This conference aims to promote a higher visibility for the Baltic heritage in a digital environment by sharing experiences and practices of digital content aggregation, content management and achieving the balance between protection and access for audiovisual archives.
- http://www.baacouncil.org/index.php?m=76
- Joint Technical Symposium JTS 2004. Preserving the Audiovisual Heritage - Transition and Access
24 - 26 Jun 2004
, Toronto Canada
(Canada)
- This conference addresses archiving of audiovisual materials. Links to abstracts, papers and presentations available from Proceedings page.
- http://www.jts2004.org/english/proceedings/index_en.htm
- Joint Technical Symposium JTS 2007: Audiovisual Heritage and the Digital Universe
28 - 30 Jun 2007
, Toronto Canada
(Canada)
- This is the seventh meeting of JTS, an international meeting for organisations and individuals involved in the preservation and restoration of original image and sound materials. Abstracts, presentation and speakers bios available from the proceedings link.
- http://www.jts2007.org/
- Joint Technical Symposium JTS 2010 : Digital Challenges and Digital Opportunities in Audiovisual Archiving
03 - 05 May 2010
, Klingenberg Kino, Oslo
(Norway)
- This conference organised by FIAF, The Norwegian Film Institute and The National Library of Norway provides an international forum for organisations and individuals involved in the preservation and restoration of original image and sound materials.
- http://www.jts2010.org/
- Media in Motion: The Challenge of Preservation in the Digital Age
, McGill University, Montreal Quebec, Canada
(Canada)
- This symposium on media arts preservation is to be held in conjunction with the Annual International DOCAM Summit (on October 30-31, 2008, at McGill University) by the DOCAM (Documentation and Conservation of the Media Arts Heritage) Research Alliance and Media@McGill (http://www.docam.ca/enhttp://www.docam.ca/en). Abstracts and biographies of participants available and videos of the presentation coming.
- http://www.docam.ca/en/?p=361
- NARA : 18th Annual Preservation Conference : Preservation Reformatting : Digital Technology vs. Analog Technology
27 Mar 2003
, National Archives at College Park, Maryland
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. (NARA)
(United States of America)
- Contains links to conference proceedings. These papers all tend to debate the choices associated with making digital copies of analogue materials and relate the difficulties associated with maintaining the digital duplicates.
- http://www.archives.gov/preservation/conferences/2003/index.html
- Preservation of Born-Digital Art
08 Oct 2004
, Centre for Contemporary Arts (CCA), Glasgow, Scotland
- Contains links to a briefing paper, bibliography and digital art preservation sites.
- http://www.erpanet.org/events/2004/glasgowart/index.php
- PrestoSpace Preservation Factory Workshop
18 May 2006
, Vienna
(Austria)
- The PrestoSpace project has been promoting concept of a Preservation Factory as a better way to preserve Europe’s audiovisual heritage. This workshop will feature people involved in archive digitisation work (commercial, technical, archives).
- http://prestospace.org/PF_Vienna_Announcement.pdf
- Re:live09 : Third International Conference on the Histories of Media Art, Science and Technology
26 - 29 Nov 2009
, Melbourne
(Australia)
- http://www.mediaarthistory.org/
- Refresh : First International Conference on the Histories of Media Art, Science and Technology
28 Sep - 03 Oct 2005
, Banff New Media Institute, Banff,
(Date Created: 2005)
(Canada)
- Includes session on collecting, preserving and archiving the media arts. Conference paper abstracts are available from the website. Also Streaming Archives includes video and Mp4 sound files of the presentations.
- http://www.mediaarthistory.org/refresh/refresh/refresh.html
-
Society of Archivists 2009 Conference : Fast Forward: Preservation and Access in a Digital World
01 - 04 Sep 2009
, Bristol Marriott City Centre, Bristol
Society of Archivists
(United Kingdom)
- This conference for archivists, records managers and conservation professionals has tracks on Archives in the 21st century, Digital futures 21st century collecting and Conservation. Papers of particular interest to film and audiovisual archives are included.
- http://www.archives.org.uk/thesociety/conference2009.html
- Strategies for Multimedia Archives - Funds, Users, and Context of the Digital Archives of Culture and the Media
06 Feb 2009
, Ghent, Belgium
BOM-v1
(Belgium)
- This conference is organised as part of the research project "Preservation and Access of Multimedia Data in Flanders" (BOM-v1) with support of the Flemish Government. It aims to contribute to the international discourse on the impact of 'going digital' by focusing on four questions related to funding, distribution models, creating and maintaining context and
reaching users. Presentations and summary reports are available.
- http://www.conference.bom-vl.be/
- Transistor: Workshop on Preservation and Archiving of Audiovisual and Digital Records
20 - 23 May 2009
, Prague
CIANT_International Centre for Art and New Technologies
(Czech Republic)
- This workshop is supported by the MEDIA Training Programme of the European Commission and presented by CIANT_International Centre for Art and New Technologies in collaboration with FAMU. It is the first of 2 workshops to be presented under the Transistor program for 2009 and will have 8 international speakers.
- http://transistor.ciant.cz/2009/
- Unlocking Audio : Sharing Experience of Mass Digitisation
26 - 27 Oct 2007
, British Library Sound Archive
British Library
(United Kingdom)
- Unlocking Audio was an international conference exploring the planning and strategies required for the successful execution of large-scale audio digitisation projects, and the technical and practical issues involved. Brochure containing abstracts and presentation recordings (mp3) and some presentation slides available from the web site.
- http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/bldept/soundarch/unlockaudio/papers07/unlocki
ngaudio1papers.html
- Vital Signs : Exploring Past and Future of New Media Art and Hybrid Art in Australia
07 - 09 Sep 2005
, Australian Centre for the Moving Image, Federation Square, Melbourne, Victoria,
(Date Created: 2005)
(Australia)
- Includes papers discussing the preservation of digital artworks. Existing and developing archival strategies will be presented along with artworks that explore these archival issues.
- http://www.vitalsigns.rmit.edu.au/
Top
Organisations and Websites
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- AktiveArchive
AktiveArchive
(Regularly Updated)
(Switzerland)
- This is the website of AktiveArchives a research project begun in 2004 by the Hochschule der Künste, Bern (Berne University of the Arts) and the Schweizerischen Instituts für Kunstwissenschaft (Swiss Institute for Art Research). The project aims to research, document and preserve electronic artworks.
- http://www.aktivearchive.ch/
- Ars Electronica
Ars Electronica
(Austria)
- This organisation has several purposes, including the Ars Electronica Center, which is a Museum of the Future, a research and development facility, Ars Electronica Futurelab, a Laboratory for Future Innovations, and the Ars Electronica Archive. The Ars Electronica Archive features 25 years of digital media art.
- http://www.aec.at/index_en.php
- Audio Preservation
PARS Recording and Photographic Media Committee. Contributing Editor: Hannah Frost
In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals
(Regularly Updated)
- A bibliography of resources on the preservation of sound recordings maintained on the Conservation Online (CoOL) website. The bibliography includes resources on care, handling and restoration of recorded materials, and best practice guidelines and standards for their preservation, including creation and preservation of digital audio recordings.
- http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/audio/
- CACHe : Recovering Computer Arts Histories
University of London
(Regularly Updated)
(United Kingdom)
- CACHe is a 3-year research project founded in 2002 based at the School of History of Art, Film and Visual Media at Birkbeck, University of London and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board. The purpose of this project is to document, collect and provide access to digital arts from the 1960s and 1970s.
- http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/cache/index.htm
-

Capturing Unstable Media
V2_ Organisation
(Date Created: 2003)
(Netherlands)
- Developed by the V2_ Organisation, this project used two electronic art projects as case studies to focus on ways to capture and preserve electronic art independent of medium, including documentation, metadata and interoperability aspects. The project has resulted in a series of recommendations, including documentation guidelines and a formal model (ontology). The results of the project were added to the website in March 2004.
- http://capturing.projects.v2.nl/
- CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals
Stanford University Libraries
(Date Created: Feb 1993)
(United States of America)
- CoOL, a project of the Preservation Department of Stanford University Libraries, is a full text library of conservation information, covering a wide spectrum of topics of interest to those involved with the conservation of library, archives and museum materials. It includes sections on electronic media and records.
- http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/
- CRUMB : Curatorial Resource for Upstart Media Bliss
University of Sutherland
(Regularly Updated)
- Sponsored by the AHRB (Art and Humanities Research Board), this site has resources on many aspects of variable media art, including preservation and archiving. It includes a new media discussion list, curatorial resources, seminars, bibliographies and interviews.
- http://www.crumbweb.org/
- Daniel Langlois Foundation : Le Fondation Daniel Langlois
Daniel Langlois Foundation
(Canada)
- The Daniel Langlois Foundation for Art, Science, and Technology is leading a new five year research alliance project that will focus on important issues regarding the preservation and documentation of media art. To address these issues, this research alliance plans to pool numerous fields of expertise, including art preservation, art documentation, art history, technology history, information sciences, archival management, engineering and computer processing. The research will focus on three principal areas, and each will produce tools, guides and methodologies essential to preserving this new cultural heritage.
- http://www.fondation-langlois.org/
- Database of Virtual Art
Humboldt University, Berlin
- This database, supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Science (BMBF), has been developed to document and provide access to digital installation art. Its documentation system focuses on information about technical requirements, installation settings, software and hardware configurations. The web interface also allows artists to input this information themselves. Although mostly in German, this database represents an important development in ensuring continuing access to this art.
- http://www.virtualart.at/common/recentWork.do
- DAVA : Digital Audiovisual Archiving
Media Matters
(Regularly Updated)
- This weblog, maintained by Media Matters, is updated weekly and will feature news and announcements on topics related to the digital transformation and preservation of audiovisual materials. The blog will also list upcoming conferences and workshops pertinent to archives and digital libraries, as well as links to metadata resource sites and other digital archiving resources.
- http://av-archive.blogspot.com/
- DOCAM (Documentation and Conservation of the Media Arts Heritage)
DOCAM
(Date Created: 2005)
- This five year project is funded by La Fondation Daniel Langlois. The project will research the conservation of the heritage of variable media arts and use case studies to help develop strategies and methodologies for the long term preservation of these works. The site also contains links and bibliographies to related works.
- http://www.docam.ca/spip/rubrique.php?id_rubrique=2
- EAI Online Resource Guide for Exhibiting, Collecting & Preserving Media Art
Independent Media Arts Preservation (IMAP)
(Date Created: 2006)
(United States of America)
- This resource guide addresses issues and draws together information on current practices relating to single channel video, computer based art and media installation. The preservation section was created by IMAP (Independent Media Arts Preservation).
- http://resourceguide.eai.org/
- Electronic Storage Media
In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals
(Regularly Updated)
- This is the electronic storage media page on the Conservation Online (CoOL) website and deals with videotape, optical disks (CD-ROM, etc.) and holographic media.
- http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/electronic-records/electronic-s
torage-media/
- Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines Initiative
Library of Congress
(Regularly Updated)
(United States of America)
- This web site is a collaborative effort by U.S. federal agencies to define common guidelines, methods, and practices for the digitisation of historical content. Two working groups have been established:the Federal Agencies Still Images Digitization Working Group and the Federal Agencies Audio Visual Working Group.
- http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/
- JISC Digital Media - Still Images, Moving Images and Sound Advice
JISC Digital Media
(Regularly Updated)
(United Kingdom)
- This website replaces TASI (Technical Advisory Service for Images) with expanded content to provide advice on moving images and sound in addition to still images. Training opportunities and case studies and a Helpdesk for UK HE community are also included.
- http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Culture and Media Science
Ludwig Boltzmann Institute
(Date Created: 2005)
(Austria)
- The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute is based in Linz, Austria. The purpose of the institute is to develop strategies for the documentation, description and preservation of digital artworks and media art, particularly the digital artworks of the Ars Electronica Archive. This project is expected to run for seven years and other partner institutions include the University of Art and Industrial Design, Ars Electronica Center and Lentos Art Museum based in Linz.
- http://media.lbg.ac.at/
- The MiniDisc Community Page
(Regularly Updated)
- Website devoted to the MiniDisc format with topical and technical information collected from press releases, articles, manufacturers and sellers.
- http://www.minidisc.org/
- MPEG Homepage
Moving Picture Experts Group
(Regularly Updated)
- This website contains information on the development of international standards for compression, decompression, processing, and coded representation of moving pictures, audio and their combination, including MPEG 7 and MPEG 21. The website has links to meetings, documents, tutorials and workplans.
- http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/
- Museums and the Information Age
Keene, Suzanne
(Last Updated: 24 Apr 1999)
- This 'click-through' guide includes regularly updated links to resources under various headings and provides constantly updated references to electronic opportunities for museums.
- http://www.suzannekeene.info/infoage/index.htm
- Click-Through Guide accompanies the bookDigital Collections: Museums and the Information Age. Butterworth Feb.1998. ISBN 0 7506 3456 1
- NARA : 18th Annual Preservation Conference : Preservation Reformatting : Digital Technology vs. Analog Technology
27 Mar 2003
, National Archives at College Park, Maryland
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. (NARA)
(United States of America)
- Contains links to conference proceedings. These papers all tend to debate the choices associated with making digital copies of analogue materials and relate the difficulties associated with maintaining the digital duplicates.
- http://www.archives.gov/preservation/conferences/2003/index.html
- PAD : Preservation, Archiving, and Dissemination Project
Electronic Literature Organization (ELO)
(Date Created: 2002)
- PAD is intended to complement existing archiving research by filling a gap that has been identified by a survey. The gap identified is that electronic literature is not yet the focus of any major preservation effort, and many important aspects of preserving this type of work - such as how to maintain conditional sequencing of files delivered to the reader across different technical platforms - is not being addressed adequately. PAD proposes to fill this gap by adopting technologies and standards already in development and extending them in ways that will allow works of electronic literature (and other kinds of digital art objects) to have a long lifespan in a form as close to the original as possible and as useful material for scholarship.
- http://www.eliterature.org/pad/
-

PANIC (Preservation and Archival New Media and Interactive Collections) Project
MAENAD (Multimedia Access across Enterprises, Networks And Domains)
(Last Updated: Jul 2005)
(Australia)
- This research project, undertaken by MAENAD (Multimedia Access across Enterprises, Networks And Domains) had several objectives including using case studies to compare various approaches to multimedia preservation, investigating ways to ensure the longevity of access to multimedia digital objects, determining optimum media formats and developing guidelines and metadata schemas for multimedia creators. Results of investigations include a set of test cases and a preservation metadata schema and input tool, based on METS and MODS and informed by the work of the Variable Media Initiative.
- http://www.metadata.net/panic/
-
Preservation Guide
Wright, Richard
(Last Updated: Dec 2006)
- This extensive guide to audiovisual preservation is in the form of a wiki. It covers many areas including mapping archive holdings, developing a preservation strategy and preservation planning and budgeting and storage options. Much of the wiki uses information from PrestoSpace. Other sources of information will eventually be incorporated into the wiki. It is planned that entries will be able to be edited and maintained by the audiovisual preservation community. This is the original version created for BBC in May 2006 and migrated to PrestoSpace home (http://wiki.prestospace.org) in December 2006. This original site is no longer being updated.
- http://www.bbcarchive.org.uk/pmwiki/
- PrestoSpace
PrestoSpace Consortium
(Date Created: 2003)
- This project, funded by the EU (from 1/2/04 for 40 months) and building upon earlier projects such as Presto, seeks to establish a framework for the digital preservation of audio-visual materials. The aim of the Project is to build ‘preservation factories’ which would provide an affordable infrastructure for institutions such as libraries and museums in order to manage, reduce costs, standardise processes and to provide access to their digital audio visual assets.
- http://prestospace.org/
- Rhizome.org : the New Media Art Resource
Rhizome.org
(Regularly Updated)
(United States of America)
- Rhizome.org is a non-profit organisation which aims to preserve electronic art. The organisation provides access to new media art by providing a free online platform where artists can display their art. Rhizome Users must register to view the online art. Established in 1996 it affiliated the the New Museum in 2003.
- http://rhizome.org/info/index.php
- Society of Archivists Film Sound and Photography Group
Society of Archivists Film Sound and Photography Group
(Regularly Updated)
(United Kingdom)
- Society of Archivists' Film and Sound Group was established in 1994. In 2005 the Group extended its remit to include photographs and was renamed The Film Sound and Photography Group.
- http://www.archives.org.uk/thesociety/specialinterestgroups/filmsounda
ndphotographygroup.html
- Sound Directions : Digital Preservation and Access for Global Audio Heritage
Indiana University Digital Library Program
(Last Updated: Nov 2008)
(United States of America)
- Indiana University Archives of Traditional Music and the Archive of World Music at Harvard University were awarded a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities for a collaborative research and development project designed to create best practices, examine existing best practices and test emerging standards in the digital preservation of critically endangered archival audio recordings. Phase 1 produced a publication on best practices Sound Directions: Best Practices for Audio Preservation; software tools; development of audio preservation systems; and preservation of a number of critically endangered recordings. To aid selection for preservation the Field Audio Collection Evaluation Tool (FACET), a point-based open source tool for ranking collections based on deterioration and risk was developed. Formats considered are mainly analog but also included is Digital Audio Tape (DAT). Phase 2 the Preservation Phase will wrap up in November 2008.
- http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/projects/sounddirections/
- TAPE : Training for Audiovisual Preservation in Europe
European Commission on Preservation and Access (ECPA)
(Last Updated: 2008)
- This 3 year project, running from 2004 to 2007, was funded by the Culture 2000 Program of the European Union. The European Commission on Preservation and Access (ECPA) was the coordinator of the project. TAPE focused on the preservation and digitization of moving image and sound in a programme of training events, expert meetings, research and publications.
- http://www.tape-online.net/
- Towards a New Meta Standard for Long Term Digital Video Preservation
Pearson, Glenn
(Date Created: 12 Dec 2005)
- This is a series of links to documents for consideration about ways to encourage lossless video encoding for preservation, with a particular interest in JPEG 2000 frame encodings.
- http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/VideoArchivists2005/follow-on.html
- Variable Media Network
Solomon R Guggenheim Foundation; Daniel Langlois Foundation for Art, Science, and Technology
(Date Created: Jan 2004)
(United States of America)
- Committed to implementing the Guggenheim Museum’s unconventional preservation strategy, the Variable Media Network is a group of cultural institutions in the USA which looks at developing tools, methods and standards needed to realise this scheme. The Guggenheim approach involves encouraging artists to define their work independently from medium, that is to pass on guidelines for recasting their art work in a new form once the original has expired. The website outlines the initiative, gives examples of past and future case studies and provides information on events related to this field.
- http://www.variablemedia.net/
- Video Preservation
Frost, Hannah (ed.)
In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals
(Regularly Updated)
- A bibliography of resources on the preservation of video recordings, maintained on the Conservation Online (CoOL) website. The bibliography includes resources on video media and formats, care and preservation best practice guidelines, as well as resources on digital video formats and organisations involved in video preservation.
- http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/video/
- VidiPax
Vidipax
(Regularly Updated)
- Website of the VidiPax company, a commercial organisation specialising in the restoration and remastering of magnetic video and audio tapes, including the transfer of obsolete recordings to modern formats.
- http://www.vidipax.com/index.html
- Visual Resources Association
(Regularly Updated)
(United States of America)
- The Visual Resources Association is a non-profit organisation established to further knowledge, research, and education in the field of visual information resources.
The diverse membership stays informed about latest technologies, copyright issues, cataloging standards, metadata, scanning, web pages, digital preservation and educational opportunities. It also produces a quarterly Bulletin, annual directory and runs an annual conference and email discussion list. Regional chapters convene local meetings and workshops.
- http://www.vraweb.org/
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Policies, Strategies & Guidelines
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- Audio Tape Digitisation Workflow: Digitisation Workflow for Analogue Open Reel Tapes
Henriksson. Juha; Wallaszkovits, Nadja
(Date Created: Mar 2008)
- This concise practical web-based workflow is aimed at people new to the field of audo tape digitisation and includes references to further information.
- http://www.jazzpoparkisto.net/audio/
-

Audiovisual Archiving : Philosophy and Principles
Edmondson, Ray
(Date Created: Apr 2004)
- This document (83 p.) provides a broad introduction to the basic concepts and issues in audiovisual archives and archiving, and includes an overview of the technical and management issues in preserving audiovisual material.
- http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001364/136477e.pdf
- 2nd edition
- Copyright Issues Relevant to Digital Preservation and Dissemination of Pre-1972 Commercial Sound Recordings by Libraries and Archives
Besek, June M.
(Date Created: Dec 2005)
(United States of America)
- This report was undertaken by CLIR (Council on LIbrary and Information Resources) on behalf of the Library of Congress and the National Recording Preservation Board. Focussing on United States copyright law, this report addresses the question of what libraries and archives are legally empowered to do to preserve and make accessible for research their holdings of pre-1972 commercial recordings, which is not protected by federal copyright law but governed by state laws. The main topics discussed are US copyright law and various state laws, digital preservation and dissemination of sound recordings and technological protection issues. It is hoped that this publication will help in establishing a national audio preservation plan.
- ISBN: 9781932326239
- http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub135/contents.html
-
Digital Audio Best Practices
Collaborative Digitization Program. Digital Audio Working Group
(Date Created: Nov 2005)
(United States of America)
- The document provides guidelines and best practice for the tranfer of analogue recording to digital formats, as well as covering recording on digital formats. Also discussed is the storage and preservation of digital audio, file types and metadata for digital audio. The document includes a glossary and resource list. This was superseded by version 2.1 in October 2006.
- http://web.archive.org/web/20060101084658/www.cdpheritage.org/digital/
audio/documents/CDPDABP_1-2.pdf
- Version 2.0
- Digital Audio Best Practices. Version 2.1
CDP Digital Audio Working Group
(Date Created: Oct 2006)
(United States of America)
- This document prepared by the CDP (Collaborative Digitization Program) Digital Audio Working Group provides guidelines and a set of best practices for cultural heritage institutions converting analog audio recordings to digital formats.
- http://www.bcr.org/cdp/best/digital-audio-bp.pdf
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Digital Preservation Guidance Note 4: Graphics File Formats
Brown, Adrian
(Date Created: 09 Jul 2003)
(United Kingdom)
- Produced by the Digital Preservation Department of the National Archives (UK) as part of its series of guidance notes on the preservation of electronic records, this document focuses on selecting file formats for use with images. It provides summary information about the most common graphics file formats in current use to help users to make informed decisions regarding the selection of most suitable files. The guidelines provided are limited to static images. Superseded by version 2 August 2008.
- http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/graphic_file_formats.pdf
- This document is the fourth in a series of guidance notes developed by the Digital Preservation Department, National Archives, UK. It is also available as an RTF document.
-

European Convention for the Protection of the Audiovisual Heritage and Protocol on the Protection of Television Productions ...
Council of Europe
(Date Created: 06 Feb 2001)
- This convention, which was issued by the European parliament in February 2001, provides for the safeguarding and preservation of European moving image heritage. Parties to the agreement are obliged to introduce legal or voluntary mechanisms for the deposit of audiovisual media in designated archival repositories in their territories. The text is broadly worded so that the legislation will apply to electronic and other new forms of audiovisual expression as they are created.
- http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/184.htm
- Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects
International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA)
(Date Created: Aug 2004)
- These guidelines discuss key principles and standards, metadata, signal extraction from originals and target formats in the production and preservation of digital audio objects. It includes information on the reproduction of optical disk media such as CD and DVD and digital magnetic carriers. Target formats and systems include Digital Mass Storage Systems (DMSS), optical disks and magneto-optical (MO) disks.
- ISBN: 8799030918
- http://www.iasa-web.org/special_publications.asp
- Publication number - TC04. Order from http://www.iasa-web.org/iasa0022.htm. Currently only available in hardcopy.
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HARMONICA : Practical Guidelines for the Future Development of Music Services in Libraries and Archives (Deliverable 3.6.4)
Deutsch, Werner A.; Herla, Siegbert; Kriechbaum, Werner
(Date Created: 31 Jan 2000)
- An initiative of the European Commission, the HARMONICA Project was established to advance understanding of the collection, storage and organisation of music and music information in digital formats. This paper documents phase D3.6.4 of the Project and provides links to existing guidelines for the development of digital music repositories. Topics such as storage media for data acquistion, digital preservation and ingestion are surveyed. The project ran or 3 years between 1997 and 2000.
- http://web.archive.org/web/20071111041620/projects.fnb.nl/harmonica/Ha
rmonica+Deliverables/deliverables.htm
- Preservation Handbook : Digital Audio
Knight, Gareth; McHugh, John
(Date Created: 25 Jul 2005)
- This publication is part of a series of preservation handbooks published by the AHDS (Arts and Humanities Data Service). This handbook discusses the significant characteristics of digital audio files, common formats and best practice. The goal of the handbook is to instruct AHDS staff on how best to preserve digital objects, in accordance with 'a migration based preservation approach, incorporating migration to standard formats during ingest.' Although this document is written for AHDS staff, the information is useful to the broader digital preservation community.
- http://ahds.ac.uk/preservation/audio-preservation-handbook.pdf
- Also available as RTF - http://ahds.ac.uk/preservation/audio-preservation-handbook.rtf
- Preservation Handbook : Moving Image
Knight, Gareth; McHugh, John
(Date Created: 27 Jul 2005)
- This publication is part of a series of preservation handbooks published by the AHDS (Arts and Humanities Data Service). This handbook discusses the significant characteristics of digital moving image files, common formats and best practice. The goal of the handbook is to instruct AHDS staff on how best to preserve digital objects, in accordance with "a migration based preservation approach, incorporating migration to standard formats during ingest." Although this document is written for AHDS staff, the information is useful to the broader digital preservation community.
- http://ahds.ac.uk/preservation/video-preservation-handbook.pdf
- Version 1. Also available in RTF - http://ahds.ac.uk/preservation/video-preservation-handbook.rtf
-
Preserving State Government Digital Information: Digital Audio and Video White Paper and Resources
Minnesota State Archives
(Date Created: May 2009)
(United States of America)
- These documents prepared as part of an NDIIPP funded project, report on a survey of US States to identify the technologies individual states are using to share digital audio and video files of legislative proceedings with constituents. The white paper summarizes components of digital audio and video files and covers important issues to consider when working with such files. Topics include quality, best practices and standards, delivery methods, and preservation, storage and access concerns. A copy of the survey and detailed bibliography (resource list) are included as appendixes to the white paper and also available for separate download.
- http://www.mnhs.org/preserve/records/legislativerecords/multimedia.htm
-

PRESTO - IST-1999-20013: Key Links System Specification Document
PrestoSpace Consortium
(Last Updated: 26 Jun 2001)
- A 135 page report developed from the findings of a preservation survey of audio-visual materials in European Broadcast Archives. Included is information on the system requirements, technological improvements, processing methodologies and metadata specifications for digitally archiving film, audio and video. There is also a useful glossary.
- http://presto.joanneum.ac.at/Public/D32.pdf
- Short Guidelines for Video Digitisation
Pavuza, Franz
(Date Created: Aug 2008)
- This brief guideline (8 p.) provides practical advice on procedures for digitisation of videotapes and includes a useful list of references (3 p.).
- http://www.tape-online.net/Short_Guidelines_Video_Digitisation.pdf
- Sound Directions : Best Practices for Audio Preservation
(Date Created: 2008)
(United States of America)
- This publication presents results of the Sound Directions project which was funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities (U.S.). It provides preservation overviews for collection managers and curators and recommended technical practices for preservation of audio.
- http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/projects/sounddirections/papersPresent/ind
ex.shtml
-

Task Force to Establish Selection Criteria of Analogue and Digital Audio Contents for Transfer to Data Formats for Preservation Purposes
Breen, Majella; Flam, Gila; Giannattasio, Isabelle; Holst, Per; Pellizzari, Pio; Schüller, Dietrich
(Date Created: Oct 2003)
- The aim of this publication by the IASA Task Force is to provide principles and guidelines that can be used at an institutional level to plan and set priorities for the transfer of audiovisual resources to data formats for preservation purposes. The guidelines cover issues such as fragility of existing analogue carrriers and the technological obsolescence of the platforms required to play them, the significance of the contents and the responsibilites of the archival institution.
- http://www.icognition.co.za/dev/iasa/taskforce/taskforce.pdf
- Also available in an HTML version at: http://www.iasa-web.org/taskforce_index.htm
Top
Projects and Case Studies
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-

Archiving the Avant Garde: Documenting and Preserving Variable Media Art
Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive
(Date Created: 2001)
Reviewed by: Museums Seek Methods for Preserving Digital Art
; How to Preserve Digital Art
- Archiving the Avant Garde is a collaborative project to develop, document, and disseminate strategies for describing and preserving non-traditional, intermedia, and variable media art forms, such as performance, installation, conceptual, and digital art.
- http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/about/avantgarde
- Audiovisual Research Collections and Their Preservation
Schüller, Dietrich
(Date Created: Mar 2008)
- This 38 p. report focuses on collections of recordings made during academic field work, interviews and documentaries now held by archives, academic departments and individual researchers. It discusses the requirements for ongoing access and re-use and the potential for digitisation for creating distributed content-based archives.
- http://www.tape-online.net/docs/audiovisual_research_collections.pdf
- CACHe : Recovering Computer Arts Histories
University of London
(Regularly Updated)
(United Kingdom)
- CACHe is a 3-year research project founded in 2002 based at the School of History of Art, Film and Visual Media at Birkbeck, University of London and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board. The purpose of this project is to document, collect and provide access to digital arts from the 1960s and 1970s.
- http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/cache/index.htm
-
CAMiLEON : BBC Domesday
CAMILEON (Creative Archiving at Michigan and leeds: Emulating the Old on the New)
- This articles provides an overview of CAMiLEON's Domesday Project, which uses the BBC's 1986 Domesday Project as a test case for the implementation and development of emulation strategies for the preservation of digital material. The Domesday Project is a multimedia digital project originally produced on 12" video discs. It was intended that future generations would view this resource. It as chosen as a prime test case because it is in danger of loss through technological obsolescence, and represents challenges in terms of scale, complexity and intellectual property rights. The article includes FAQ's, technical and property rights issues and screenshots of the emulator in action.
- http://www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/domesday/domesday.html
-

Capturing Unstable Media
V2_ Organisation
(Date Created: 2003)
(Netherlands)
- Developed by the V2_ Organisation, this project used two electronic art projects as case studies to focus on ways to capture and preserve electronic art independent of medium, including documentation, metadata and interoperability aspects. The project has resulted in a series of recommendations, including documentation guidelines and a formal model (ontology). The results of the project were added to the website in March 2004.
- http://capturing.projects.v2.nl/
-
Digital Heritage and Cultural Content
European Commission
(Last Updated: 2006)
- Digital heritage and cultural content is one of the five main areas for research and technological development under Multimedia Content and Tools - Key Action 3 of the European Commission's Information Society Technologies (IST) programme. One of the research priorities in this area is preserving and accessing multimedia content. This programme was part of the Fifth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (RTD) which run from 1998-2002, and continues to exist as a key thematic priority area within the 6th Framework Programme (2002-2006).
- http://www.cordis.lu/ist/ka3/digicult/home.html
- Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (DIAMM)
DIAMM
(Regularly Updated)
- A collaborative project of the University of Oxford and Royal Holloway, University of London, the Digital Archive of Medieval Music has been established as a permanent electronic archive of European medieval polyphonic music. Also developed in consultation with the Arts and Humanities Data Service, the DIAMM project outcome emphasises the permanent preservation of digital images.
- http://www.diamm.ac.uk/
- Inside Installations : Preservation and Presentation of Installation Art
Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage (ICN)
(Regularly Updated)
- This three-year research project began in 2004. The project involved input from collecting organisations in the Netherlands, Germany, United Kingdom. Belgium and Spain. Thirty complex installations (many multimedia) were re-installed, investigated and documented with the view to develop best practice in the areas of preservation strategies, artists’ participation, documentation and archiving strategies. Best practice documents available from the Research link.
- http://www.inside-installations.org/home/index.php
- MUSTICA : a Preservation Tool for Electro-Acoustic Music
Dept. of Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles
(Date Created: 2005)
- MUSTICA ia an international collaboration initiative to research issues of interactive digital music preservation. MUSTICA participants include the Groupe de Recherches Musicales (GRM), the Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (INA), the Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM), the University of British Columbia (InterPARES 2 Project), and the University of California, Los Angeles (Center for Information as Evidence). MUSTICA is also supported by the French Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). A demonstator version of the MUSTICA preservation tool is available from IRCAM . The website for this project also has a bibliography of papers and presentations on MUSTICA.
- http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/blanchette/MUSTICA.html
- Pacific And Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC)
PARADISEC
(Australia)
- PARADISEC provides a facility for digital conservation and access for endangered materials from the Pacific region including Oceania and East and Southeast Asia. Participating researchers come from the Universities of Sydney, Melbourne and New England and the Australian National University. PARADISEC collaborates with other groups to promote good practice in field documentation and digital archiving of endangered languages: Resource Network for Linguistic Diversity (RNLD), the Open Language Archives Community (OLAC), the Digital Endangered Languages and Musics Network (DELAMAN) and the Electronic Metastructure for Endangered Languages Data Project (E-MELD). PARADISEC has initially focused on digitisation of audio tapes and has developed guidelines for deposit of other digital objects and models to ensure the archive can provide ongoing access to interested communities.
- http://paradisec.org.au
- PAD : Preservation, Archiving, and Dissemination Project
Electronic Literature Organization (ELO)
(Date Created: 2002)
- PAD is intended to complement existing archiving research by filling a gap that has been identified by a survey. The gap identified is that electronic literature is not yet the focus of any major preservation effort, and many important aspects of preserving this type of work - such as how to maintain conditional sequencing of files delivered to the reader across different technical platforms - is not being addressed adequately. PAD proposes to fill this gap by adopting technologies and standards already in development and extending them in ways that will allow works of electronic literature (and other kinds of digital art objects) to have a long lifespan in a form as close to the original as possible and as useful material for scholarship.
- http://www.eliterature.org/pad/
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PANIC (Preservation and Archival New Media and Interactive Collections) Project
MAENAD (Multimedia Access across Enterprises, Networks And Domains)
(Last Updated: Jul 2005)
(Australia)
- This research project, undertaken by MAENAD (Multimedia Access across Enterprises, Networks And Domains) had several objectives including using case studies to compare various approaches to multimedia preservation, investigating ways to ensure the longevity of access to multimedia digital objects, determining optimum media formats and developing guidelines and metadata schemas for multimedia creators. Results of investigations include a set of test cases and a preservation metadata schema and input tool, based on METS and MODS and informed by the work of the Variable Media Initiative.
- http://www.metadata.net/panic/
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PRESTO: Preservation Technology for Broadcast Archives
Project manager: Richard Wright, BBC
(Last Updated: 02 Jan 2003)
- The PRESTO project is one of the European Union Information Society Technology (IST) sponsored intiatives looking at a range of preservation issues and prospective outcomes for digital and analogue film, audio and video archival materials. The intial partners are several major European public broadcast archives and commercial research partners. The aims of the project are to evaluate the preservation status of collected audio-visual materials, to establish what resources and technologies are utilised or are required for cost-effective preservation, to develop a preservation process chain of automated copying and playback with the necessary quality control and metadata management and thirdly to evaluate and test the new methodologies and disseminate results. The project started in late 2000 has a lifetime until mid 2002. It was followed in 2004 by the PRESTO Space project.
- http://presto.joanneum.ac.at/index.asp
- PrestoPRIME
Institut national de l'audiovisuel - INA (France)
(Date Created: 01 Jan 2009)
- 'The PrestoPRIME project will address long-term preservation of and access to digital audio-visual content by integrating media archives with European on-line digital libraries. Research will result in a range of tools and services, delivered through a networked Competence Centre.' The project funded under the European Commission 7th Framework Programme for 42 months started January 2009. Project coordinator Institut national de l'audiovisuel - INA (France)
- http://www.prestoprime.eu/
- PrestoSpace
PrestoSpace Consortium
(Date Created: 2003)
- This project, funded by the EU (from 1/2/04 for 40 months) and building upon earlier projects such as Presto, seeks to establish a framework for the digital preservation of audio-visual materials. The aim of the Project is to build ‘preservation factories’ which would provide an affordable infrastructure for institutions such as libraries and museums in order to manage, reduce costs, standardise processes and to provide access to their digital audio visual assets.
- http://prestospace.org/
- Sound Directions : Digital Preservation and Access for Global Audio Heritage
Indiana University Digital Library Program
(Last Updated: Nov 2008)
(United States of America)
- Indiana University Archives of Traditional Music and the Archive of World Music at Harvard University were awarded a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities for a collaborative research and development project designed to create best practices, examine existing best practices and test emerging standards in the digital preservation of critically endangered archival audio recordings. Phase 1 produced a publication on best practices Sound Directions: Best Practices for Audio Preservation; software tools; development of audio preservation systems; and preservation of a number of critically endangered recordings. To aid selection for preservation the Field Audio Collection Evaluation Tool (FACET), a point-based open source tool for ranking collections based on deterioration and risk was developed. Formats considered are mainly analog but also included is Digital Audio Tape (DAT). Phase 2 the Preservation Phase will wrap up in November 2008.
- http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/projects/sounddirections/
-
Sustainability of Video Art : Preservation of Dutch Video Art Collections
Foundation for the Conservation of Modern Art
(Date Created: 2003)
(Netherlands)
- This collaborative project was completed in 2003. The project report has three parts; part one is the report itself, part two is the list of preserved video art works and part three is the glossary and bibliography. The report discusses the preservation methodology that was developed and evaluated during the project.
- http://www.montevideo.nl/en/pdf/CONSERVERING_1tm80.pdf
- TAPE : Training for Audiovisual Preservation in Europe
European Commission on Preservation and Access (ECPA)
(Last Updated: 2008)
- This 3 year project, running from 2004 to 2007, was funded by the Culture 2000 Program of the European Union. The European Commission on Preservation and Access (ECPA) was the coordinator of the project. TAPE focused on the preservation and digitization of moving image and sound in a programme of training events, expert meetings, research and publications.
- http://www.tape-online.net/
- Variable Media Initiative
Guggenheim Museum
(United States of America)
- An intiative of the Guggenheim Museum that seeks to identify artist-approved strategies for preserving variable media artwork (installation, performance, interactive, digital). Artists are encouraged to define their work independent of medium and provide guidelines on how their work may be recast in new formats.
- http://variablemedia.net/
- VidArch at SILS
School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina
(Date Created: 2006)
(United States of America)
- This project is focused on developing a preservation framework for digital video context by applying it to two important digital video collections: the complete series of NASA broadcast educational videos and the complete set of juried ACM SIGCHI videos presented at annual conferences from 1983 to the present. Some of the project's current focus is on the US Presidential Election of 2008 and services such as YouTube. Bibliography of papers and demonstrations available from the site.
- http://www.ils.unc.edu/vidarch/
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- Audio Archiving Resources
Forrestal, Valerie
(Regularly Updated)
(United States of America)
- This was an online annotated bibliography (or webliography) containing links to articles, projects and resources on audio archiving. In 2007 it was transferred to a blog format.
- http://audioarchiving.blogspot.com/
- Audio Preservation
PARS Recording and Photographic Media Committee. Contributing Editor: Hannah Frost
In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals
(Regularly Updated)
- A bibliography of resources on the preservation of sound recordings maintained on the Conservation Online (CoOL) website. The bibliography includes resources on care, handling and restoration of recorded materials, and best practice guidelines and standards for their preservation, including creation and preservation of digital audio recordings.
- http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/audio/
- Audio Preservation and Restoration
Gibbs, John; Univ. of Washington Music Library
(Regularly Updated)
- A website created by the University of Washington listing many resources on audio preservation and restoration, including a link to film preservation. Although this site mainly deals with magnetic audio tape, there is a section devoted to Compact Disc longevity and care and maintenance.
- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Music/preservation.html
- Video Preservation
Frost, Hannah (ed.)
In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals
(Regularly Updated)
- A bibliography of resources on the preservation of video recordings, maintained on the Conservation Online (CoOL) website. The bibliography includes resources on video media and formats, care and preservation best practice guidelines, as well as resources on digital video formats and organisations involved in video preservation.
- http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/video/
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PRESTO - IST-1999-20013: Key Links System Specification Document
PrestoSpace Consortium
(Last Updated: 26 Jun 2001)
- A 135 page report developed from the findings of a preservation survey of audio-visual materials in European Broadcast Archives. Included is information on the system requirements, technological improvements, processing methodologies and metadata specifications for digitally archiving film, audio and video. There is also a useful glossary.
- http://presto.joanneum.ac.at/Public/D32.pdf
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- New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia
Taylor and Francis
(Regularly Updated)
- Previously entitled Hypermedia (1989-94), this annual review examines developments in hypermedia and multimedia technology. In 2001 the journal will focus on digital library issues.
- http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/13614568.asp
- Available via subscription
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- JISC Digital Media Blog
JISC Digital Media
(Date Created: Sep 2008)
(United Kingdom)
- This blog replaces the former TASI Lightbox. JISC Digital Media provides advice on still images, moving images and sound, the blog provides an update on available advice, training opportunities and related developments.
- http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/blog/
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- Annual Report on Preservation Issues for European Audiovisual Collections
British Broadcasting Corporation; Wright, Richard
In: PrestoSpace
(Date Created: 01 Feb 2005)
- This is first annual report on preservation produced for the PrestoSpace Project. It presents the results of a survey of the preservation status of audiovisual material within 20 European countries. It concludes that a large percentage of material currently held by archival bodies is in need of preservation.
- http://prestospace.org/project/deliverables/D22-4_Report_on_Preservati
on_Issues_2004.pdf
- Audiovisual Research Collections and Their Preservation
Schüller, Dietrich
(Date Created: Mar 2008)
- This 38 p. report focuses on collections of recordings made during academic field work, interviews and documentaries now held by archives, academic departments and individual researchers. It discusses the requirements for ongoing access and re-use and the potential for digitisation for creating distributed content-based archives.
- http://www.tape-online.net/docs/audiovisual_research_collections.pdf
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Preserving State Government Digital Information: Digital Audio and Video White Paper and Resources
Minnesota State Archives
(Date Created: May 2009)
(United States of America)
- These documents prepared as part of an NDIIPP funded project, report on a survey of US States to identify the technologies individual states are using to share digital audio and video files of legislative proceedings with constituents. The white paper summarizes components of digital audio and video files and covers important issues to consider when working with such files. Topics include quality, best practices and standards, delivery methods, and preservation, storage and access concerns. A copy of the survey and detailed bibliography (resource list) are included as appendixes to the white paper and also available for separate download.
- http://www.mnhs.org/preserve/records/legislativerecords/multimedia.htm
-

Survey of Endangered Audio Visual Carriers 2003
Boston, George; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
(Date Created: 2003)
- This survey was conducted by the International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives, with assistance from the International Council of Archives. Thirty two different types of carrier were surveyed and where applicable are compared to results from a previous survey completed in 1995.
- http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/file_download.php/dfb2ad0ec5e386a5040cf
35fc58f029bSurvey+Report.pdf
- Tracking the Reel World: A Survey of Audiovisual Collections in Europe
Klijn, Edwin; de Lusenet, Yola
(Date Created: Jan 2008)
- This detailed report (168 pp) was published in the framework of TAPE (Training for Audiovisual Preservation in Europe), from data collected from archives libraries and museums across Europe. It reports on preservation and access of sound and moving image materials outside the broadcasting and large audiovisual archives. It documents new technology used for preservation and access and concerns related to the digital environment.
- ISBN: 9789069845463
- http://www.tape-online.net/docs/tracking_the_reel_world.pdf
- Available as PDF and from ECPA Secretariat http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/
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