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Magnetic media

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Articles

Historical 5th Joint Technical Symposium : Image and Sound Archiving and Access - the challenges of the 3rd Millennium: Abstracts
Joint Technical Symposium/Commission Superieure Technique de l'Image et du Son (Date Created: Jan 2000) (France)
Abstracts of papers and posters presented at this meeting are available in pdf.
http://web.archive.org/web/20041010230730/http://www.cst.fr/jts2000/en
/index.htm
Full proceedings (book or CD-ROM) may be ordered from JTS Paris secretariat: http://www.cst.fr/jts2000/en/index.htm#actes
Capturing Analog Sound for Digital Preservation : Report of a Roundtable Discussion of Best Practices for Transferring Analog Discs and Tapes
Council on Library and Information Resources and the Library of Congress (Date Created: Mar 2006) (United States of America)
This report, commissioned by the National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress, assesses current standards and practices in capturing analog sound for digital preservation. The report is based on a meeting of audio experts held in January 2004. The report includes summaries of the meeting discussions and recommendations on practices and procedures for transferring analog discs and tapes. It also includes a 'road map' for analog to digital conversion.
ISBN: 1932326251
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub137abst.html
CLIR publication no. 137
Historical Care and Handling of Recorded Sound Materials
National Library of Canada; St-Laurent, Gilles (Last Updated: 15 Feb 2002)
This resource provides a good basic explanation of what sound is, how it is recorded and identifies many different recording media. It then discusses handling issues and preservation of the sound media.
http://cool.conservation-us.org/byauth/st-laurent/care.html
Historical Care of Sound Recordings
National Library of New Zealand (Last Updated: 21 May 1997) (New Zealand)
While this factsheet from the National Library of New Zealand is part of a series for assisting the public with preservation of family collections, it provides some concise practical tips for care and handling of materials.
http://www.natlib.govt.nz/services/get-advice/preservation/preserving-
sound-recordings
Historical Data Storage Technology Assessment 2002 : Projections Through 2010
Sadashige, Koichi (Date Created: Mar 2003)
This report is a follow-up to the “Data Storage Technology Assessment” published in August 2000 and is divided into two main parts. The first part of the report explores the impact the market has on the progress of technology, and lists most important technological events between 2000-2002, such as development of the DVD, optical disc, magnetic tape, hard disc drive and Flash memory. The second part of the report provides an overview of data storage equipment, with emphasis on storage equipment in network environment. Magnetic tape and optical disc technologies are discussed in detail, including various available products. Future trends in the area are outlined for this decade.
http://www.imation.com/Global/Support/government/AP_NMLdoc_DSTAssessme
nt.pdf
New Digital Archaeology: Recovering Digital Objects from Audio Waveforms
Annu, John; Ghete, Mihai; Guttenbrunner, Mark; Lederer, Chrisanth; Rauber, Andreas (Date Created: Oct 2009)
This paper presented at iPRES 2009 (5-6 October 2009, San Francisco, California) presents a case study on the recovery of data from audio tape created with an early home computer system, the Philips G7400 in the 1980's, using a methodology and application without access to the original system.
http://planets-project.eu/docs/papers/Guttenbrunner_DigitalArcheology_
iPres2009.pdf
Evaluating Preservation Strategies for Audio and Video Files
Pavuza, Franz ; Rauber, Andreas; Rauch, Carl; Strodl, Stephan (Date Created: May 2005)
This article describes the decision making workflow using Utility Analysis as a way of comparing, ranking and evaluating the various preservation strategies for audio and video files. Two case studies are used to illustrate the process. A more detailed discussion of Utility Analysis as it applies to digital preservation can be found at Preserving Digital Media : Towards a Preservation Solution Evaluation Metric.
http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~andi/publications/pdf/rau_digrep05.pdf
Proceedings of the DELOS Workshop on Digital Repositories: Interoperability and Common Services, May 11-13 2005, Heraklion, Greece.
Historical First National Consultative Meeting on the Management of Australian Physical-Format Digital Publications
National Library of Australia (Last Updated: 16 Oct 1998) (Australia)
A National Consultative Meeting (27-28 October 1997) on the management of Australian physical-format digital publications brought together representatives from publishers, creators and the National and State Libraries. The meeting aimed to seek agreement on key principles and responsibilities related to the long-term access to digital publications in physical formats. Issues such as legal and voluntary deposit, copyright, access, licensing, collection development, cataloguing, and preservation paths were discussed and an action plan formalised to progress the development of strategies for the long-term preservation and access to significant Australian publications.
http://www.nla.gov.au/niac/meetings/physical.html
IPI Media Storage Quick Reference
Image Permanence Institute (Date Created: 2004)
This brief guide examines relative humidity (RH), temperature and air quality as storage issues for various media including CDs, DVDs, audio and video tape. Most of the information is in interactive tables so it is a good source of ready reference information.
http://www.climatenotebook.org/MSQR/MSQR_home.html
Safekept
Historical Magnetic Tape Deterioration : Tidal Wave at Our Shores
Lindner, Jim (Date Created: 1998)
This article, which originally appeared in Video Magazine, examines some of the major threats to the provision of long-term access to magnetic media, such as the obsolescence of many magnetic formats and sub-formats. For materials recorded on magnetic carriers, the author recommends the making of both analogue and digital copies as a strategy to help overcome some of the difficulties associated with the evolution of technology.
http://www.vidipax.com/articles/tidal.html
Originally published in Video Magazine, February 1996
Moving Beyond Manual Media Migration
Lindner, James; Rosner, Gilad (Date Created: 14 Feb 2005)
This white paper discusses movement away from manual methods of migration for magnetic tape.
http://www.media-matters.net/docs/WhitePapers/Moving%20Beyond.pdf
Predicting the Life Expectancy of Modern Tape and Optical Media
Navale, Vivek In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Aug 2005)
This article describes the results of some recent studies on the longevity of optical and magnetic media. These studies include the US National Archives Study on Higher Density Magnetic Tapes, the Library of Congress Study on CD-ROMs and the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) study on CD-Rs and DVD-Rs
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file3
612.html#article3
Preservation of Magnetic Tape Collections: A Perspective
Bigourdan, Jean-Louis; Reilly, James M; Salesin, Gene; Santoro, Karen (Date Created: 22 Dec 2006) (United States of America)
This report (70 p.) describes the Image Permanence Institute's (IPI) approach to the preservation of magnetic media and is the final report to the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) on a 3 year investigation to identify the major issues for preserving the physical integrity of magnetic tape collections. It includes findings from a survey of 17 institutions on preservation management of tape collections, and discussion of research on tape decay.
http://www.imagepermanenceinstitute.com/shtml_sub/NEHTapeFinalReport.p
df
Safekept
Historical Preservation Science Survey: An Overview of Recent Developments in Research on the Conservation of Selected Analog Library and Archival Materials
Porck, Henk J.; Teygeler, René (Date Created: Mar 2001)
This report presents an overview of recent research in the preservation of three information carriers: paper, film and photographic materials, and magnetic tape.
http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/PUBL/pdf/2211.pdf
STORAGE : Ten Year Forecast of Storage Evolution
Moreira, Fernando (Date Created: 28 Feb 2006)
This document presents a 10 year forecast for storage technologies, including hard disc drives, datatape and optical media. The document also discusses current limitations of these technologies, new research and developing technologies.
http://www.prestospace.org/project/deliverables/D12-5.pdf
PrestoSpace Deliverable D12.5
Historical Videotape Preservation Fact Sheets: Association of Moving Image Archivists
Association of Moving Image Archivists (Date Created: 2002)
These fact sheets address topics such as Magnetic Tape Preservation: An Introduction, A very brief history of videotape; Structure and Composition of Videotape; Estimating Tape Life; Reformatting for Preservation, Do's and Dont's of magnetic tape care and Environmental conditions.
http://www.amianet.org/resources/guides/fact_sheets.pdf

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Books

Historical Directory of Information Sources On Scientific Research Related to the Preservation of Sound Recordings, Still And Moving Images, and Magnetic Tape
Child, Margaret (Date Created: Sep 1993)
This directory focuses on two areas of concern: how to prolong the usable life of information on current physical carriers through safe environmental storage and correct handling and use; and how to ensure access to information when technology is changing.
ISBN: 1-887334-27-0
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/child/child.html

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Organisations and Websites

Audio Preservation
PARS Recording and Photographic Media Committee. Contributing Editor: Hannah Frost In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals (Regularly Updated)
A bibliography of resources on the preservation of sound recordings maintained on the Conservation Online (CoOL) website. The bibliography includes resources on care, handling and restoration of recorded materials, and best practice guidelines and standards for their preservation, including creation and preservation of digital audio recordings.
http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/audio/
Electronic Storage Media
Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals (Regularly Updated)
This is the electronic storage media page on the Conservation Online (CoOL) website and deals with videotape, optical disks (CD-ROM, etc.) and holographic media.
http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/electronic-records/electronic-
storage-media/
Historical Immaterial Variable Media Art / Video Art Preservation : Studies and Suggestions
Danish Video Art Data Bank (Last Updated: Nov 2004) (Denmark)
This website concentrated on the preservation of videotapes. It covered a wide range of aspects including storage, handling, preservation strategies, obsolescence ratings and case studies. It also Included a bibliography and links to other sites of interest.
http://www.videokunst-danmark.dk/preservation/start-2.htm
Services of the Preservation Research and Testing Division
Library of Congress (Regularly Updated) (United States of America)
This is a brief summary of the Library of Congress' testing and monitoring projects for CDs and magnetic media, initiated in late 1995. Project objectives included developing guidelines for storage conditions that would maximize the useful life of CDs. Links included to papers describing project outcomes.
http://www.loc.gov/preserv/rt/
Video Preservation
Frost, Hannah (ed.) In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals (Regularly Updated)
A bibliography of resources on the preservation of video recordings, maintained on the Conservation Online (CoOL) website. The bibliography includes resources on video media and formats, care and preservation best practice guidelines, as well as resources on digital video formats and organisations involved in video preservation.
http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/video/

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Policies, Strategies & Guidelines

AES Recommended Practice for Audio Preservation and Restoration : Storage and Handling - Storage of Polyester Based Magnetic Tape AES22-1997 (r2003)
Audio Engineering Society (AES) (Last Updated: 2003) (United States of America)
This standard (reaffirmed in 2003) provides recommendations concerning the storage conditions, storage facilities, enclosures, and inspection for recorded polyester-base magnetic tapes in roll form. It covers analog and digital tape and includes tape made for audio, video, instrumentation, and computer use.
http://www.aes.org/publications/standards/
AES standard - AES 22-1997 (r2003)
Safekept
Historical Archives Advice 5 : Protecting and Handling Magnetic Media
National Archives of Australia (Date Created: Apr 1999) (Australia)
This paper, issued in the National Archives of Australia Archives Advice series, described appropriate techniques for the care and handling of magnetic media. In addition to describing the range of available formats, the advice includes an overview of some of the strategies that can be used for long-term preservation of these materials, such as reformatting and data migration. It has been replaced on the Archives website with an FAQ " How do I protect and handle magnetic media".
http://nla.gov.au/nla.arc-36397-20030714-www.naa.gov.au/recordkeeping/
rkpubs/advices/advice5.html
Archives Advice 5
Digital Preservation Guidance Note 2 : Selecting Storage Media for Long-Term Preservation. Issue 2
Brown, Adrian (Date Created: Aug 2008) (United Kingdom)
This guidance note issued by The National Archives (TNA) Digital Preservation Department provides information for the creators and managers of electronic records about the selection of physical removable storage media in the context of long-term preservation.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/selecting-storage-media.p
df
DPGN-02. Available in PDF and RTF Versions from http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/preservation/advice/digital.htm
Historical Digital Preservation Guidance Note 2: Selecting Storage Media for Long-Term Preservation
Brown, Adrian (Date Created: 19 Jun 2003) (United Kingdom)
Produced by the Digital Preservation Department of the National Archives (UK) as part of its series of guidance notes on the preservation of electronic records, this document concentrates on selecting storage media for long-term preservation. Focusing on removable storage media, the document lists various criteria that need to be considered. Also included in the document is a media selection scorecard which compares different types of media and evaluates them against the selection criteria. Superseded by Version 2 August 2008
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/selecting_storage_media.p
df
This document is the second in a series of guidance notes developed by the Digital Preservation Department, National Archives, UK. It is also available as an RTF document.
Historical Digital Preservation Guidance Note 3: Care, Handling and Storage of Removable Media
Brown, Adrian (Date Created: 27 Jun 2003) (United Kingdom)
Produced by the Digital Preservation Department of the National Archives (UK) as part of its series of guidance notes on the preservation of electronic records, this document concentrates on the care, handling and storage of removable media as a means of ensuring their longevity. Focusing on the knowledge of the correct handling and storage conditions for different types of media, the guide gives an overview of the main types available and provides information as to the most appropriate care, handling, storage and environmental conditions. Superseded by Version 2 August 2008.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/media_care.pdf
This document is the third in a series of guidance notes developed by the Digital Preservation Department, National Archives, UK. It is also available as an RTF document.
Digitial Preservation Guidance Note 3 : Care, Handling and Storage of Removable Media. Issue 2
Brown, Adrian (Date Created: Aug 2008) (United Kingdom)
This guidance note issued by the The National Archives (TNA) Digital Preservation Department provides advice on the care, handling and storage of removable storage media which are susceptible to damage through mishandling or inappropriate storage conditions.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/removable-media-care.pdf
DPGN-03. Available in PDF and RTF versions from http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/preservation/advice/digital.htm
How Do I Protect and Handle Magnetic Media?
National Archives of Australia (Last Updated: 2007) (Australia)
FAQ on preservation of physical format material includes advice on protecting and handling magnetic media and includes section on migration.
http://www.naa.gov.au/records-management/secure-and-store/physical-pre
servation/faq/magnetic-tape.aspx
ISO 18933:2006 : Imaging materials : Magnetic Tape : Care and Handling Practices for Extended Usage
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (Date Created: 13 Jun 2006)
ISO 18933:2006 concerns the care and handling of magnetic recording tape during use. It addresses the issues of physical integrity of the medium necessary to preserve access to the data (information) recorded on the tape.
http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER
=44128&scopelist=ALL
Available for purchase in pdf or hardcopy.
Historical Videotape Preservation Handbook
Wheeler, Jim (Date Created: 2002)
This document covers videotape formats, common problems, care and handling, cleaning and maintenance, risk management and preservation. Also included is an extensive glossary and a list of related organisations, websites and other resources.
http://www.media-matters.net/docs/resources/Traditional%20Audiovisual%
20Preservation/WheelerVideo.pdf

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Projects and Case Studies

New Digital Archaeology: Recovering Digital Objects from Audio Waveforms
Annu, John; Ghete, Mihai; Guttenbrunner, Mark; Lederer, Chrisanth; Rauber, Andreas (Date Created: Oct 2009)
This paper presented at iPRES 2009 (5-6 October 2009, San Francisco, California) presents a case study on the recovery of data from audio tape created with an early home computer system, the Philips G7400 in the 1980's, using a methodology and application without access to the original system.
http://planets-project.eu/docs/papers/Guttenbrunner_DigitalArcheology_
iPres2009.pdf
Services of the Preservation Research and Testing Division
Library of Congress (Regularly Updated) (United States of America)
This is a brief summary of the Library of Congress' testing and monitoring projects for CDs and magnetic media, initiated in late 1995. Project objectives included developing guidelines for storage conditions that would maximize the useful life of CDs. Links included to papers describing project outcomes.
http://www.loc.gov/preserv/rt/

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Bibliographies

Audio Preservation
PARS Recording and Photographic Media Committee. Contributing Editor: Hannah Frost In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals (Regularly Updated)
A bibliography of resources on the preservation of sound recordings maintained on the Conservation Online (CoOL) website. The bibliography includes resources on care, handling and restoration of recorded materials, and best practice guidelines and standards for their preservation, including creation and preservation of digital audio recordings.
http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/audio/
Audio Preservation and Restoration
Gibbs, John; Univ. of Washington Music Library (Regularly Updated)
A website created by the University of Washington listing many resources on audio preservation and restoration, including a link to film preservation. Although this site mainly deals with magnetic audio tape, there is a section devoted to Compact Disc longevity and care and maintenance.
http://www.lib.washington.edu/Music/preservation.html
Video Preservation
Frost, Hannah (ed.) In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals (Regularly Updated)
A bibliography of resources on the preservation of video recordings, maintained on the Conservation Online (CoOL) website. The bibliography includes resources on video media and formats, care and preservation best practice guidelines, as well as resources on digital video formats and organisations involved in video preservation.
http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/video/

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Surveys

Annual Report on Preservation Issues for European Audiovisual Collections
British Broadcasting Corporation; Wright, Richard In: PrestoSpace (Date Created: 01 Feb 2005)
This is first annual report on preservation produced for the PrestoSpace Project. It presents the results of a survey of the preservation status of audiovisual material within 20 European countries. It concludes that a large percentage of material currently held by archival bodies is in need of preservation.
http://prestospace.org/project/deliverables/D22-4_Report_on_Preservati
on_Issues_2004.pdf
Preservation of Magnetic Tape Collections: A Perspective
Bigourdan, Jean-Louis; Reilly, James M; Salesin, Gene; Santoro, Karen (Date Created: 22 Dec 2006) (United States of America)
This report (70 p.) describes the Image Permanence Institute's (IPI) approach to the preservation of magnetic media and is the final report to the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) on a 3 year investigation to identify the major issues for preserving the physical integrity of magnetic tape collections. It includes findings from a survey of 17 institutions on preservation management of tape collections, and discussion of research on tape decay.
http://www.imagepermanenceinstitute.com/shtml_sub/NEHTapeFinalReport.p
df

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Related Topics: Optical disks

Broader Topic: Physical format digital material

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