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\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3360766 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2912507 \chftnsepc
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3360766 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2912507 \chftnsep
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3360766 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2912507 \chftnsepc
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid15353583\sftnbj {\footerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1330256 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\insrsid6292340 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 PAGE }}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs25\insrsid6292340
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid1330256 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6292340
\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid1330256 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6292340
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10844109 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Transcript of \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \lquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The Volun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 teer Graduate Scheme\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Speakers: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Robin Holmes, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 )\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1
\ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Agnieszka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Sobocinska (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Jeff Miles (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Don Anderson \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ), Paul Bird (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ), Patrick Anderson (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid13924486 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 L\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ocation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid4325656\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4325656\charrsid13924486 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 National Library of Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31502\fs22\insrsid13924486
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Date: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13924486 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 2\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 7/04/16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31502\fs22\insrsid15353583\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4325656\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid13924486\charrsid13924486 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13924486 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566\charrsid13924486 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Lovely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
to welcome you tonig\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ht\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to the National \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Library Fellowship Le\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 cture by Dr
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Agnies\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 z\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ka\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Sobocinska\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , senior
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 research fellow at the National Centre \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 for Australian Studies at Monash University.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 I\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 m Robyn Holmes, and I\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 m Senior Curator at the National Library,\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 with the
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 responsibility\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 of \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 man\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 aging the fellowships program.
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 A\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s an historian, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Agnieszka}{\rtlch\fcs1
\ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 research interests\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
particularly lie in the area of popular opinion and foreign affairs\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , particularly in the cont\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ext of Australia and Asia\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
, and of western const\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ructions of the third world.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 H\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 er first book was published in 2014, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Visiting the Neighbours: Australia\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ns in Asia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , and she co-e\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 dited with David Walker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Australia
\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Asia: From Yellow Peril to \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Asian Century}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , that\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s now b\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
een translated into Chinese and published in Beijing.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 S\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 o you\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 re an international
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 author!
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Agnieszka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
is currently working on \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a very large \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 project\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to examine \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
the history of foreign aid \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in Australia, in Britain\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and the \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 United States, but from a cultural perspective.
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 S\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 he \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 is in\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 terested in probing how popular engagement with \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
people\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \emdash \loch\f31502 people\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s engagement with foreign aid\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and intern
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ational aid development}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 has shaped public understanding
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , assumptions and opinion\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , and has impacted on foreign policy and \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 aid programs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 During her \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 fellowship\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 here, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Agnieszka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318 \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
s been specifically investigating \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Australia\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s volunteer graduate scheme\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
, that pioneered the model for development \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 b\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 y secular governments in the 19\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 5\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 0s.
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 S\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 o it\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s with special effort, and \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 care that
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 we welcome tonight some former volunteers\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and some people that have done and practised international aid
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 A\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 nd I found out, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Agnieszka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , that you actually met somebody\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 tonight, who\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s here, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in Cambodia\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
, volunteering yourself. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 And you never told us that! \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 So I welcome you as a former volunteer as well.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 So that was very, very special.
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Perhaps our \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 oldest volunteer in the room\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 is \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Je\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ff M
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 i\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 les,\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and we part\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 icularly welcome you, Jeff, and particularly
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 also Paul Bird, who is \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the CEO of Australian Volunteers International. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 And I think they\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 re looking back at their own history, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and will find the beginnings of their ideo\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 logy \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
about volunteering \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 very much evident in your talk \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 tonight\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Agnieszka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318 .\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 2016 is a really exciting year \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 for the \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Natio\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 nal L\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 i
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 brary\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s fellowship program. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 We currently have four \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
fellows in residence, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and they\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 re all here \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 tonight,\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and having \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 four we\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ve\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
got this tremendously exciting group in residence. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 But they\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 re t\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
he first group to be here since\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , of course, the National Library was able to reinvigorate \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and reinstate its fellowship program \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
with the generosity of donors and supporters. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 So this is the first of four fellowships talks over the next \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 four weeks\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , so
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 don\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 go without your next flyer\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
for May the tenth, which is Klaus Neumann\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , which is actually about \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
multicultural backgrounds\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \emdash \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \lquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 New Lives \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in a New Country
\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote .\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 So we certainly \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 expect to see some of you back here.
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Agnieszka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318 \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s fellowship is supported by \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the National Library\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s Council Chair, Ryan Stokes,
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 who really led \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 by example when we set out to rais\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e funds to support the program. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 S
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 o }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Agnieszka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 is also the \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 first of the Library\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s former summer scholars to receive a
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 f\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ull National Library Fellowship.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 A\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 scholarship that she \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
received\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ten years ago, in 2006, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 while undertaking her \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 PhD at
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the University of Sydney. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 So we do feel a certain pride\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , at the National Library, in your career, but also
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the career of others\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 more than 50\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 PhD students that we\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502
\rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ve now given a \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 kind of career impetus \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 through running the summer scholarship scheme. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 It
\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s a delight to welcome you back, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 but also to have followe\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 d your remarkable achievements
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 within a ten-year history \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 academia\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 since
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 then.
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 So, welcome }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Agnieszka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid7435318 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to share wit\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 h us your findings of your fellowship research on this volunteer
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 graduate scheme.
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\lang3081\langfe1028\loch\af31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af14\langfenp1028\insrsid7435318 \hich\af31502\dbch\af14\loch\f31502 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\fs22\lang3081\langfe1028\loch\af31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af14\langfenp1028\insrsid9134325 \hich\af31502\dbch\af14\loch\f31502 applause\hich\af31502\dbch\af14\loch\f31502 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\fs22\lang3081\langfe1028\loch\af31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af14\langfenp1028\insrsid7435318\charrsid7435318
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4983354\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Thanks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4983354\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
to Natio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 nal Library of Australia and its wonderful }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid15153979\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 staff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4983354\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15153979\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 particularly Robyn Holmes, Margy Burn and Beth Mansfield.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4983354\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Thanks also to everyone who worked so hard to make the NLA Fellowships possible again through philanthropy; these Fellowships are both a privilege and an absolute pleasure, and I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
m very grateful for the unparalleled opportunities for focussed research I\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 v\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e had during my time here.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid15153979\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4983354\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15153979\charrsid1458566
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Tonight I want to tell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14051984\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a small story with b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid5666366\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14051984\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 consequences. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6172408\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 On the one hand, it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14051984\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
is a story of particular individuals working within very specific contexts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6172408\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . On the other, it is a story of}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14051984\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ideas }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6172408\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
so exciting that they burst beyond\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 those contexts, to be taken up }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14051984\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 elsewhere}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6172408\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6172408\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 inevitable}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 tensions and problems }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6172408\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 as they were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid6172408\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to fit these new circumstances)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14051984\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
is a story of international connections, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6172408\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 both physical and sentimental. It begins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , before moving to Indonesi\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a, to New Zealand, Burma and Canada, the United Kingdom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13248569\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Ghana}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and Malaya, to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
the United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , Latin America and Southeast Asia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5717398\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
It is a story of the movement of people and ideas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , encompassing much of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid5717398\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 what came to be known as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
the developed and developing\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 world}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5717398\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14051984\charrsid1458566
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The story begins in 1950, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 two Melbour}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid2510893\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ne University students, John Bay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
ly and Adam Hunt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid9899561\charrsid1458566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 return }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15140108\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 from }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a student conference in Bombay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13896319\charrsid1458566 .}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12003887\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Whilst a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 way}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 had \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 struck up an acquaintance with \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a delegate from Indonesia, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid6039335\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 A.B. Loe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 bis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid6039335\charrsid1458566 .\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Loebis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
had given}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6039335\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a vivid account of his nation\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s recent revolution, its current state of development and particularly, the chronic skills shortage that followed the sudden departure of Dutch bureaucrats}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 with the declaration of Indonesia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s independence in 1945}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6039335\charrsid1458566 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid15076567\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15153979\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5666366\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Ba\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ck in Melbourne, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid2510893\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 olitical science student Herb Feith}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 heard the story and was enthralled. Feith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 had been born to a Jewish family in Austria, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 fled from the Nazi regime }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2510893\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 at the approach of World War II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Partly because of this, Feith believed that \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 ordinar
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 y\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 people had a responsibility to become involved in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
international affairs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12003887\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 He was also a \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 doer\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
was heavily involved in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12003887\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 student life, particularly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the Labour Club, the ALP Club and the Student Christian Movement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 at Melbourne University}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 .
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 idea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 that \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 ordinary\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 people }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
could have agency}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in international affairs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid12003887\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 becoming}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12003887\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 increasingly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 widespread}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12003887\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
in the post-war years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . It was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 especially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 common }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 amongst those who were critical of Australia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s policies towards Asia. The White Australia Policy, intro
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 duced at Federation in 1901, was the formal expression of Australian desires to remain isolated from the Asian region. Fifty years on, many Australians were beginning to think that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a drastic rethink was needed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3802549\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . The }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Asian }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3802549\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
region was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 decolonising. It was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15140108\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 als\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 o }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3802549\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
becoming increasingly strident in calling out colonialism and racism. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15140108\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid3802549\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ith a conservative Liberal government that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 didn
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15140108\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 seem to be responsive to these}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 shifts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5252919\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , many }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5244032\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ordinary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5252919\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
Australians came to think that it was their responsibility to improve their \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 nation\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s relations with Asia.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10617868\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 And }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6039335\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 now}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , Feith saw }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5244032\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 an opportunity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15140108\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 thought that young Australians could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15140108\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
spend a couple of years working in Indonesia, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2841989\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 at Indonesian rates of pay, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid15140108\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to help plug the skills gap. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
He began to plan the Volunteer Graduate Scheme \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 or VGS, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6885542\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 was put}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in touch with }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4941843\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Molly Bondan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5252919\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
, a Sydneysider who had married an Indonesian revo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 lutionary and moved to Jakarta. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 With her husband\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s connections, Bondan had begun to work for the Ministry of Information, and she was sure she could organise a
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 job for Feith and any other Australians who wanted to help Indonesia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s development as an independent nation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid4349310\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 So, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
n July 1951}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15076567\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , Herb Feith arrived in Jakarta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid15076567\charrsid1458566 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 He was the only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to disembark when his ship docked; his fellow passengers were worried\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 by rumours they
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 d heard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15140108\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 that Indonesia wasn\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t safe for \hich\f31502 \lquote
\loch\f31502 Europeans\hich\f31502 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . Feith\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s fare had been covered by a Melbourne University travel scholarship, but as promised, Molly Bondan had organised him a job at the Ministry of Information. From the moment she m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid15140108\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 et h\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 im as he came ashore, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Bondan took Feith under her wing.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 At first, he found Jakarta confusing, confronting and exhausting. \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 You couldn\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 t imagine any city more conspicuously lacking in any semblance of planning of the most primitive sort\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 , he wrote to his f\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
riends soon after arrival, with buildings that looked \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 awfully primitive and tumbledown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4940869\charrsid1458566 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Yet, under Molly\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s guida}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid16280481\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 nce, Feith }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 learnt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16280481\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to see Indonesia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 potential}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16280481\charrsid1458566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
rather than its failings.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Perhaps most importantly, the Bondans were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16280481\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 very }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 well-connected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid7241718\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
and Feith used the opportunity to introduce his idea of a Volunteer Graduate Scheme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7241718\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to senior political figures}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . Within months, he reflected \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 how terrifically lucky I am \'85\loch\f31502 in fact if I wasn
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 t in some ways regarded as a prot\'e9\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 g\'e9\loch\f31502 of Molly\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s it might not be nea\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
rly so easy, but that position has giv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15140108\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 en me just wonderful privileges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566 .\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10617868\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6359363\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 While Feith worked in Jakarta, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2841989\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a small committee of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Melbourne University friends}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid6359363\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 continued to drum up interest in Australia. Enthusiasm ran high, particularly in the Student Christia\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
n Movement, and in 1952 two more volunteers, bacteriologist Gwenda Rodda and radio engineer O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7241718\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 llie McMichael, arrived}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6359363\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3360766\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6359363\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 By the time they began work, the Australian government had agreed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
VGS. Minister for External Affairs Richard Casey had at first \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 been reluctant to sponsor the scheme.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
In 1952, however, he changed his mind following lobbying by notable groups and i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6105642\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ndividuals (more on this later)}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . From this point on, the Australian government paid volunteers\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 first-class fares to and from In
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 donesia, provided them with a tropical clothing and equi\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 pment allowance, a bicycle, and \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
a resettlement grant upon their return to Australia.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6359363\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 (Volunteers\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 salaries were paid by the Indonesian government). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13651757\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid6359363\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 his made the Australian and Indonesian governments \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the first to support a volunteering program that framed its aims around
\hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 development\hich\f31502 \rquote .
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2841989\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Yet, d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
uring these early years, and largely due to Molly Bondan and Herb Feith\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s influence,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3557958\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
VGS shifted from a work }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 scheme designed to fill a skills shortage, to become \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
a political statement. Even before disembarking in Jakarta, Feith had begun to think that \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 the gesture value of such projects\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 meaning \hich\f31502
\lquote \loch\f31502 the motive rather than the immediate practical effect\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 was \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 all-important\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 . Rather than the work itself, he began to
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 t\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 hink that the most important task of Australian volunteers was \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
identification and concrete manifestation of color equality views in a country where whites just never have done any manual work\hich\f31502 \rquote .
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 This \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ideal of \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 Identification\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid2841989\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 soon became}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 all-important. A
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 n early pamphlet noted: \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 What they do in their actual work is important\'85\loch\f31502
But more important perhaps is the fact that these young people assert by the way they live, that racial equality is real. By having natural and friendly relations with \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
Indonesians on a basis of mutual respect, they help to do away with the colonial legacy of mistrust and misunderstanding, which to so large an extent continues to affect relations between coloured people and whites.\hich\f31502 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 This was emphasised by the volunteers\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 themselves, who claimed that \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
our most important job in Indonesia, more important even than what we do at work, is just to live normally and naturally in the Indonesian world, and to make friends among Indonesians, showing Indonesians that there a
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 re whites who don\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t stand on superiority ideas, and making whites ashamed of the privileges they continue to enjoy.\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The fact that volunteers would be living \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 as Indonesians\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the focus of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 early media coverage. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
This was emphasised because it \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 was unusual. Since the 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 entury, Australians in Asia had associated with the colonisers, rather than the colonised. In my last book, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Visiting the Neighbours: Australians in Asia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ,
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 I found that most travellers had a very keen sense of European \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 p\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 restige\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 , and worked hard to maintain the i
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 llusion\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 of superiority in Asian eyes.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 And that was exactly the point. The White Australia Policy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15412159\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 created a serious image problem in Asia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
that VGS wanted to address}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . Whilst the original idea had come from an \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
Indonesian suggestion, and saw Indonesia benefiting from cheap skilled labour, before long the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8669231\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Volunteer Graduate }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Scheme was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 largely}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 focussed on improving Australia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s image in Asia.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 As a result, volunteers felt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a lot of pride }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1330256\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Australians }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\ul\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 were}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 well \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 re\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
ceived in Indonesia. As Ollie McMichael wrote in a letter to his parents in mid-1952, \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 they have bitter memories of the colonial time and they are always delighted to hear you are Australian, and not Dutch or American
\hich\f31502 \rquote .\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The fact that Indonesians familiar \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 with VGS weren\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t framing Australia through its restrictive immigration policy was }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8669231\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 very }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
important. There was also a recognition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8669231\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the Cold War}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 In another letter,\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 McMichael
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 claimed that: \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 No country matters more to Indonesia than we do\'85\loch\f31502 If Australia\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 fails, they\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 ll turn to China\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 , and b\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ecause of this, \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 if Indonesia fails, Australia is sunk!\hich\f31502 \rquote
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The Australian government\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s support for VGS was \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 partly \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
based on this Cold War calculus, as well as the understanding that the program enhanced Australia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s image\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in Asia. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid8869057\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Whereas the Minister had initially been reluctant to fund the scheme, b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 y 1955, External Affairs had nothing but praise for VGS, writing that \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 in our view the scheme tapped a useful source of energetic talent from which we profited at a cheap rate.
\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid14043865\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Writing in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Argus}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1338910\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 the following year, influential journalist Peter Russo also thought the benefits accrued to Australia. \'93\loch\f31502
If there is any better way than that of \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 showing the flag\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 in Asia, any surer way of dispelling Asia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s lingering distru
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 st of colonial taints\'94\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 , he wrote, \'93\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 I have not heard it\'94\loch\f31502 . Rather than \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
models of postcolonialism or \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 agents for modernisation, Russo thought VGS volunteers were \'93\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 our leading insurance salesmen in Asia\'94\loch\f31502 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3299697\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6769499\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Feith\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s insistence that volunteers should maintain the\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
same standard of living as Indonesians was unusual \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 for\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the Department of External Affairs, which\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , in many ways,
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 still retained colonial-era notions of European \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 prestige\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 in Asia. When Casey approved VGS in February 1952, he did so under the assumption th
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 at the Department would be supplementing volunteers\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 salaries \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 and quite drastically.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
The VGS committee and volunteers refused the salary supplement. Undeterred, or simply unwilling to have Australians subsist in such low living standards, External Affai\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502
rs tried to encourage volunteers to draw at least \'a3\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 25 per annum from a special \'a3\loch\f31502 5000 Installation and Emergency Fund, so that they could afford to take annual holidays in comfortable, European-style hotels.
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Again, the volunteers resisted.
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6769499\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 This conflict \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 points to a wider shift in the concept of \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
prestige\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 . To VGS volunteers, \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 prestige\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
took the exact opposite form to colonial times. Importantly, it appears that the Australian Embassy came to understand\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 this very different sense of \hich\f31502 \lquote
\loch\f31502 prestige\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 . By 1955, the\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Second Secretary in Jakarta advised Canberra that the scheme \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
derives something from the fact that its members receive, while they are in Indonesia, rates of pay identical with Indonesian officials of similar status.\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The Department of External Affairs b
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 egan to agree, reporting later in the year that \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 from a goodwill and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\ul\insrsid6769499\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 prestige}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6769499\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
point of view the Volunteer Graduate Scheme is one of our most successful Colombo Plan ventures.\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 After this point\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
, the Department of External Affairs used }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4272394\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 VGS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6769499\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in its nascent pu\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 blic diplomacy program.
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8390900\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Yet, alongside the desire to overturn colonial norms, and to improve Australia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s image in Asia}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4272394\charrsid1458566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8390900\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 lay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 another motivation. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 VGS was
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 profoundly\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 intertwined with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8390900\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
religion, particularly through }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the Australian Student Christian Mov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid8390900\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . The program\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 s very existence owed a great deal to the support of organised Christian movements, both in Australia and in Indonesia. In Australia, they formed a significant core of the lobby group that worked on \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Dick
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Casey after he initially refused \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 government support. The Australian Council of the World Council of Churches, for example, wrote to Casey to commend VGS in \hich\f31502
\lquote \loch\f31502 the warmest possible terms\hich\f31502 \rquote .\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Along with Bondan and her network of \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 well-connected nationalists\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
, Christians}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2841989\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 formed an important \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 lobby group in Indonesia.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 L\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
eading Indonesian Christians such as Dr. Joseph Leimena, who was the Minister for Health\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , and Dr. Roem\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
at the Ministry for Information, shepherded the program through the approvals process. It was largely due to their work that V\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 GS received\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 unusually
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 speedy passage through the Indonesian bureaucracy. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Individual volunteers were also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8390900\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 motivated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 by religion. Until the late 1950s, every single VGS volunteer was also a member of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2841989\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Student Christian Movement. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 It is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 very}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 important, th
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 en, that there is evidence that VGS\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 core principle of \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 identification\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
arose not merely from a sense of postcolonial justice, but also out of evangelical aspirations. The National Library holds a collection of handwritten notes written by Feith during hi\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
early years in Indonesia. As far as I can tell, these were kept for himself rather than for any audience, often scribbled after meetings with Indonesian government ministers, expatriate missionaries, or friends. Feith\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s desire to bring Indonesian Muslims\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
to the Christian faith is a recurrent theme, and Feith also plotted out strategies on how this could be done. After some months in Indonesia, he could see that traditional proselytising wouldn\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t work, as \hich\f31502
\lquote \loch\f31502 some say it is 5 years before you can talk of reli\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 g\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ion\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 with locals. He wrote as if to remind himself: \hich\f31502
\lquote \loch\f31502 Don\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t preach\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
. Spreading the Christian faith was to be done through subtle, slow steps; after a few months he began to think that the way to bring people into the Christian fold was to \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 open your house
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 nd your heart. Receive people at any time. Don\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t stand on ceremony. Accept their standards\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
. Above all, it was \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 very necessary to know the people\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 by living amongst them. As Feith wrote, this was \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 Identification\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
\hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 a \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 way of eating, sitting on floor, laug\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 h\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
ing, crying with them. Be natural, friendly. Speak the local language\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 . He closes with the reminder, \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 This is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\ul\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 life-long}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 work\hich\f31502 \rquote .
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 It is significant that in this note at least, identification was seen as a tool for the \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 life-long work\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 of Christian mission in
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Indonesia.
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 It is also evident that some of Feith\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s desire to build VGS as a program came from missionary considerations. Within five months of arriving in Indonesia in 1951, Feith was working towards \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
idea that the people coming would be lay\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
missionaries. They would be full time workers, clerical, commercial etc, and would in their spare time do Christian work with the Christian youth organisations here. Also they would live in hostels where they would have an opportunity to do Christian wor
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 k.\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 Importantly, as they were coming to work for the Indonesian government, \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
they would not in fact be classified as missionaries to be passed by the Ministry of Religious Affairs. The fact that they would not belong to any missionary society would, it see\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 m
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s, give them greater popularity, since the fear of the organised power of the mission still exists...\hich\f31502 \rquote
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Importantly, Feith was not the only volunteer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2841989\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 interested in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11948177\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Christian mission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2841989\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in Asia}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6778312\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 far from it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . Gwenda Rodda came to Jakarta in 1952 to work with
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the Ministry of Health. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 However, in her tract \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 Pegawais and Christian Witness in Indonesia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
, it is evident that she did not see this as incompatible with evangelical motives. Intended for circulation among Christian groups but marked \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 Not for Publ\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ication\hich\f31502
\rquote \loch\f31502 , \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the tract opened by stating that \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 Christians among \'93\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 pegawais\'94\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502
i.e. Australians coming here to work for the Indonesian government under the NUAUS \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 Plan for the Employment of Graduates from Australia to Work as Indonesians\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 can be used b
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 y God to further His purpose in Indonesia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 . Rodda went on: \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 This is a missionary situation. Only about 4% of the 77 million Indonesians are Christians
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 , and \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 There is a great need for more Christian workers\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 . Much like Feith, Rodda thought that Christians\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 could \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 bear witness by their daily work\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 , and \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
by disregarding the distinctions of rank, being friendly and polite to both the bosses and the servants\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 . But where Feith was adamant that volunteers had to avoid preaching, Rodda thought that life as a VGS v
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 o\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 lunteer presented myriad opportunities for evangelising. \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 Of course, you meet many people at work\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
, she wrote. \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 Travelling in the same vehicle, working with them, you\'85\loch\f31502 often ge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16468240\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 t the chance to talk about God\hich\f31502 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 .
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2841989\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Of course, religion and politics are not \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 mutually exclusive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Many Protestants thought evangelical Christianity was entirely compatible with soci\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
al justice and racial equality, and i\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 n Australia, the Student Christian Movement was engaged with the politics of decolonisation.
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Yet,\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11674101\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid14685047\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Christian\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 i\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
nfluence was so pervasive that even VGS had to admit it was something of a liability in Muslim Indonesia. As Herb Feith wrote, \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
of course we must be careful to see that neither of the governments come to regard the scheme as something specifically Christi\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 n or Protestant.\hich\f31502 \rquote
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 He was right to be wary: the papers of the Australian Embassy in Jakarta report that Sugarda Purbakawatja, a key figure at the Ministry of Education, for one, held strong antipathy \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
to what he seems to regard as the missionary impulse be\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 hind the scheme, and the element of patronage which it seems (to him) to embody\hich\f31502 \rquote .
\par
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14048930 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
The volunteers\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 blurring of development and evangelical work complicates the VGS image and significance. The organisation\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
claimed that volunteers\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 eagerness to share the \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
life of ordinary Indonesians came from their desire to overcome racial and colonial divisions. Yet, there was also significant continuity with previous forms of missionary endeavour. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 It was
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a radical innovation, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 but \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 VGS \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 also \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
represented a translation of co\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 lonial-era notions of Christian service and uplift into the post-colonial period.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11411079 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11411079\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 This is interesting because \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 VGS \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
in all of its public manifestations \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 presented Identification as a political, ra\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ther than religious, aspiration. Jemma Purdey, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Feith
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 biographer,\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and others interested in his contribution to Australian-Indonesian relations have \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
almost entirely\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 removed the evangelical aspect, and reframed his as a secular story of a visionary Australian working towards \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 closer\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
relations with Asia. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 But her\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16468240\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
at this moment in the early 1950s, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11411079\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 we see a complex range of motivations \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502
post-colonial and post-racial empathy; the desire to contribute to development; but also Australian nationalism, Cold War realpolitik, and even missionary aspirations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2647291\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 coming to\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 gether to create the Volunteer Graduate Scheme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11411079\charrsid1458566 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10844109 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14043865\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7880393\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 So these were the aims, b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4129307\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ut what was life as a volunteer actually like? To what extent did the reality match the rhetoric, whether post-colonial, nationalist or Christi\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 an? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3299697\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Forty-eight volunteers served in Indonesia from the Scheme\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s beginning in 1951, until it was folded into }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a different}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3299697\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
organisation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3299697\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the mid-1960s. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Seventeen of them, or just over a third, were\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
women. Most were in their mid-twenties or early thirties, and about a third were either married or got married during their terms. They lived all around Indonesia \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502
in Jakarta, Bandung and Bogor in West Java, Malang in East Java, Yogyakarta, as well as t\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 h\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e outer islands \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502
Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Flores.
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Indonesia underwent vast changes during the 1950s, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid15881426\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to a large extent,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 t}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3299697\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 he nature of an individual volunteer\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s experiences depended on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31502\fs22\insrsid3299697\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3299697\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 they went. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The early volunteers \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 those serving bef\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ore 1958 \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502
had overwhelmingly positive experiences. Not only were people ready to welcome foreign idealists, but the pay was pretty good. Volunteers worked for the Indonesian government, and were paid according to the PGP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 civil service }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 pay scale, roughly t
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 he equivalent of the APS. Pay was determined by level of education, with university graduates earning a fairly comfortable wage \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502
which was part of the reason why this was a scheme targeted at Graduates rather than people with a Diploma or other training.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14685223\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ost volunteers also subsidised their official incomes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4075050\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 by teaching}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 English}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 outside work hours}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
.
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The result was a fairly comfortable life-style. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 In 1952, Herb Feith wrote that \hich\f31502 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 It would be very difficult for me to say whether I a\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502
m living at a higher or lower standard than I was in Australia in a more or less middle class home \'85\loch\f31502 but I am quite certain that I haven\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\ul\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 felt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
any worse off in the things that go to make up a standard of living.\hich\f31502 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 A 1954 Information sheet produced for inte\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 nding applicants noted \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 \hich\f31502
Living conditions are those of the Indonesian middle class, which are by no means hard but call for some adjustment\'85\loch\f31502 Indonesian food, consisting basical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ly of rice, is strange at first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566 \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \'85\loch\f31502
However female participants have been known to pu\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 t on weight here, much to their disgust!\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid2450774\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5782125\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 In fact, this was exactly where Feith wanted to be. As the Scheme\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s publicity ran: \hich\f31502
\lquote \loch\f31502 There\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s a plan working in Indonesia now for this new kind of European in Asia \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 the European who lives as a brother and not as a\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
\hich\f31502 boss\'85\loch\f31502 [But] Are they then \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 slumming\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
? Far from it. They are living in middle-class Indonesian hostels and homes, seeing friends, going to wedding parties and festivals, teaching, going to the movies with Indonesian friends; in short, seeing Asian life fr
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 o\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 m the level of the Asian.\hich\f31502 \rquote
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The story changed during the late 1950s, by which time Feith had left Indonesia to do his PhD in the United States. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 By now, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
Indonesia was in the throes of a political and economic crisis. Politically, an uprising in the\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
outer islands (covertly supported by the United States, who feared that Sukarno was becoming too friendly with Communists) caused great instability and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14171030\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ultimately helped usher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in a period of \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 guided democracy
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 .
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Politics was everywhere in Indonesia, and \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 it directly affected the life and work of every volunteer in some way. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11355613\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The National Library of Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
holds a letter from Elaine Wills, a volunteer teacher in Medan in Northern Sumatra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid936721\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid8215032\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid936721\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 at the heart of the uprising}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8215032\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
, who wrote of a situation in which 60\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 % of her students were no longer attending lectures, of classes with \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 no teachers, unreliable electricity\'85\loch\f31502
[and students] having to sit on their desks with umbrellas up if it rains!!\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 . She closed with an almost audible sigh: \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 Oh there is much to be done!\hich\f31502 \rquote
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3299697\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid936721\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
hings were not looking good in Jakarta, either. The uprising caused a surge of refugees to Jakarta, adding further to a population that had been booming since the war. The population tripled in size during the 1950s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8215032\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , and the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
city struggled with a crippli\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ng housing shortage. Early volunteers in Jakarta often wrote that they were \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 very lucky\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 \endash
\loch\f31502 they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8215032\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 put up in government hostels or comfortable middle class homes, often with their own rooms and numerous servants.
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 After 1958, however, the tone chang\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
ed. Now, accommodation presented a huge problem. The government could no longer organise adequate accommodation, and private families were often unwilling to take on Australians as tenants. In light of this, volunteers had to do whatever they could. Some,
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 like Joan Minogue and Noela Motum, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
shared a hotel-room during their posting to Semarang in Central Java in 1957 and 1958. They received some criticism }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid9437968\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
from other volunteers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 for doing so \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 after all, by living together, in a hotel, they were not liv
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ing with and as Indonesians. Arriving in 1961, Jeff Miles managed to find private board at a decent price \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 but only on the condition that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid6374502\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 spoke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 English to his landlord\hich\f31502
\rquote \loch\f31502 s family. He wrote to the Melbourne Committee to defend himself: \hich\f31502 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Some people may th
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ink this clashes with classic VG doctrine that we should live with Indonesian speaking families\hich\f31502 \rquote .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 But he could see no way around it \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 to him, the ideals }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6374502\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 of development volunteering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 were no longer realistic and had to be abandoned. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Housing wasn\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t the wor\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
st of the problems. The Indonesian economy suffered terrible shocks in the 1950s. The terms of the independence treaty negotiated between Indonesia and the Netherlands had saddled the new nation with a huge debt in foreign currency, which had been accrued
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 by their colonial masters but had to be paid off by Indonesians. The interest began to bite just as the global rubber market }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid6374502\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 collapsed, undermining}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 one of the nation
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s primary industries. The political crisis further added to the troubles, with the end res\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ult that Indonesia suffered terrible inflation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid16393252\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . The cost of living doubled every twelve months or so in the early 1960s, and runaway inflation of more than 200% per annum was reached in some years}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 .
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Desperate times called for desperate measures, and the \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
Indonesian government called a freeze on hiring in the civil service. From 1959, VGS was never sure whether their next candidate would be placed or not. The situation was uncertain and rumours ran riot: Australians were excluded from the freeze one month,
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 but the freeze was on again the next.
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 For }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13375448\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 those }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 volunteers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13375448\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 who managed to get accepted}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
, getting by became extremely difficult. Because of inflation, PGP salaries were barely enough to keep food on the table. In early 1962, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 VGS Honorary Secretary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Jim Webb\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 reported that
\hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 The earlier volunteers were able usually to obtain a balanced diet fairly readily, but this is more difficult now with commodity shortages and very high prices\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
. Again going against the basic principle that volunteers should live \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 as Indon\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 sians\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 , he wrote that
\hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 in my view volunteers should now arrive in Indonesia with some food supplies \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502
tinned milk and cheese, dried fruits, for example. This will tide them over the initial months of settling into a strange and now less adequate diet.\hich\f31502 \rquote
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7828932\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 T\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 he development volunteer model, d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 esigned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7828932\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
for Indonesia in the early 1950s, was reaching breaking point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4810221\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . Some volunteers grew}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 disillusio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4810221\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . In 1960, the Melbourne University magazine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Farrago }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 wrote an expose. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10422766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 reporter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 admitted that \hich\f31502 \lquote
\loch\f31502 the name has an aura\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 of adventure, good will, sacrificial giving; of friendship with Australia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s near neighbour Indonesia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
. But the aura, it was claimed, was no longer related to reality: \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 now conditions have changed and some of the volunteer graduates I met were disillusion\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 d and underfed. They were preoccupied with their day-to-day needs and making the best of a bad situation until it is time to return to Australia\hich\f31502 \rquote .
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The article evoked a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11099962\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 range of responses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10422766\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 from volunteers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11099962\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , including a particularly thoughtful one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11493210\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 from Ken Thomas, who had served two terms in Indonesia over five years. He warned that volunteers who went up expecting to be }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 showered with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
gratitude \hich\f31502 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\ul\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 will }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 be disillusioned. And to be honest, I think all of us vaguely felt this way at first\'85\rquote \loch\f31502 On arrival, \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 \hich\f31502
I guess I was more idealistic then than I am now, though I like to think I still have some idealism left, an idealism tinged with realism\'85\rquote \loch\f31502 Yet he remained hopeful.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 To anyone wanting to help out, I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 d say give it a try. You may go up feeling like a \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 knigh\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
t in shining armour\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 out to do a good deed; you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
ll come back feeling just like an ordinary human being, realising that the problems of a country like Indonesia are immense, that the daily routine can be far from glamorous. But it will surely have been wor\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 t
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 hwhile\'85\rquote
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10909730\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 esp}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10909730\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ite all the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
problems \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 of overcrowding, poverty, and even unfriendly reception from locals who resented their presence \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 youn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10909730\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 g Australians remained hopeful about the development volunteering model}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . In his 1962 report,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2454621\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Jim Webb found that desp\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ite the fact that \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
conditions are more difficult for them now than at other time previously\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 , \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 the morale of all the volunteers I visited was very high\hich\f31502 \rquote .
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Now, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
nterestingly, it is at this time that the scheme\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s publicity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10049145\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and influence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 peaked. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13711187\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 While the
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 conditions worsened and the number of volunteers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 plummeted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid13711187\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , the rhetoric got louder and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5641451\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 spread further}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13711187\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
From 1957 until 1962, VGS produced a qu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10049145\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 arterly newsletter, and in 1959 with UNESCO funding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 they produced a glossy special edition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10049145\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
with a print run of 5000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
Although some of the articles spoke of the difficulty of budgeting and learning to get by with less, they always did so with a positive tone, and the full assurance that they were participating in something truly worthwhile. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11677890\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 VGS also subsidise\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 d the production of a book, Ivan Southall\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31502\fs22\insrsid11677890\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Indonesia Face to Face}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11677890\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
, which portrayed the volunteers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6628510\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 as inspirational, almost heroic, figures}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid13126044\charrsid1458566 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
To some extent this book was the climax of VGS publicity, but by which time it was published in 1964, only one volu\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 nteer was living in Indonesia. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6386169\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The late 1950s and early 1960s was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 also the period when VGS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10844109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 its widest international impact. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
VGS came into existence as a solution to specific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ally Australian and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Indonesian }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 problems}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 However, f}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13711187\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 rom the very beginning, the Melbourne Committee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 hoped to spread its model of development volunteering to other countries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10247037\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and contexts}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13711187\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . Even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
as early as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13711187\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 1950, they wrote letters to Australian diplomats including Tom Critchley, asking for advice. Should they
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 go to Indonesia? Or would another country be more }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3675414\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 favourable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13711187\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 On Critchley\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 s advice, they began to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5121868\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 think quite seriously about}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Burma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 India }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and Malaya }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 potential}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13711187\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 destinations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The aim to extend to Burma, in particular, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 took up quite a bit of volunteers
\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 time and focus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 for a number of years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . A number of overtures to Burma were made,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 but negotiations were never pursued to success. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Yet, VGS continued to feel it was \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
desirable that the symbolic value of the scheme in terms of racial equality should not ju\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 st be limited to one country}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3675414\charrsid1458566 .
\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 Moreover, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13711187\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
not only did the group look to extend their activities to other receiving nations; they also wanted young people from other \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 developed\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 nations to have the same experiences. }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 In the same month that he arrived in Indo\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
nesia, Herb Feith wrote to the Australian Association for the United Nations to propose that his experience serve as \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 a forerunner of possible other similar ventures in other parts of South-East Asia\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5451134\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 possibly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in cooperation with UN agencies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3675414\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 He thought \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 that
\hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 Australian graduates can pioneer the way for students of other nationalities\hich\f31502 \rquote .\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3675414\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 To this end, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
VGS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 attempted to lobby}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 other \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 developed\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 nations to begin similar programs. New Zealand was identified }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 right at the beginning, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 from early 1951 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 contact
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 was initiated with the NZ University Students\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
Association and the NZ Student Christian Movement. The correspondence continued and in 1955, Jim Webb shared a flight from Indonesia with the New Zealand Minister for External Affairs and the Department\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s Sec
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 r\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 etary. By the time the plane touched down on Australian soil, Webb had convinced the Secretary, who became \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
very keen about some of the principles involved\hich\f31502 \rquote .\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Within months, the New Zealand Volunteer Graduate Scheme was formally established, funded by the \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
NZ government but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3675414\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 administered by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Australian VGS.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 In 1954, young Canadian Lewis Perinbam heard of the Australian scheme and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6831460\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 immediately}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 decided to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6831460\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
try and set up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10945814\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a similar program}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in Canada. Perinbam visited Indonesia in 1955}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10945814\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 hoping to set up }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 arrangement }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10945814\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 there}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , but }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 within a couple of years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 he decided that Ghana would be a more appropriate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12526199\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 receiving nation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . Ghana was in the Commonwealth, which would make }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 scheme }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 an easier sell politically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 on the cusp of decolonisation. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10945814\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 As Perinba\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 m wrote to the Canadian government, \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \lquote }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10945814\charrsid1458566 \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \'85\loch\f31502 Arising from the Australian experience, it is suggested that a similar program be established with Ghana}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566 \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10945814\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
\hich\f31502 in whose progress and prosperity Canada is greatly interested\'85\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12256648\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 This would result in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2700457\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 establishment of CUSO,
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 or Canadian University Service Overseas, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13127051\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 of which Perinbam became }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2700457\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 founding executive d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10945814\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 irector in 1961.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6632213\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 CUSO is still }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13780728\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 one of the world\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3428500\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 major}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid13780728\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 development volunteering programs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6632213\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\highlight5\insrsid6626450\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 In 1957, VGS also began corresponding with Alec Dickson, who went on\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to establish Britai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14048930\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 n\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s Voluntary Service Overseas, or VSO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
. Dickson had initiated contact through his brother, who was Director of Education in the British colony of Sarawak (later part of Malaysia). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12798231\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 He wrote to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 VGS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid6292340\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to explain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 that Alec Dickson was \hich\f31502
\lquote \loch\f31502 anxiou\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s to develop something of the kind in the United Kingdom, for voluntary overseas service by young people\hich\f31502 \rquote .\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
VSO was launched the following year; it is now a major organisation that has sent over 40,000 Britons to developing nations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6632213
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid1458566
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16524037 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6632213\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
In 1957, Herb Feith left to pursue a PhD in Indonesian politics at Cornell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12526199\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 University}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid6632213\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , and he embarked on a vigorous publicity campaign}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12526199\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
during his time in the US}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6632213\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12674552\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 He wrote dozens of letters and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10779553\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 met}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid6632213\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a range of influential }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10779553\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Americans}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6632213\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12674552\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 urging}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6632213\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10779553\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 them}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid6632213\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to send volu\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
nteers not only to Indonesia, but also to other parts of Asia and Africa. In a letter to the American Committee on Africa, for example, he encouraged \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
American-African parallels to the Australian-Indonesian Volunteer Graduate Scheme\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 , noting that not only\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
was Africa in similar need of trained expertise, but \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
that an American-African scheme of the type I am envisaging would draw its strength in part from a sense of guilt about the national past which is similar to that felt by young Australians\hich\f31502 \rquote .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10844109 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12798231\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 he Peace
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Corps}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12798231\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , finally established in 1961,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid13780728\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16591249\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 didn\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16524037\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 cite}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 VGS}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16591249\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 as its immediate inspiration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13126044\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 (the Americans preferred to see this as a \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 US ideal\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16591249\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , but it was nonetheless influenced by it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 .\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid12798231\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 John F.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8851668\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Kennedy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4808932\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 commissioned two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12798231\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 research }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4808932\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 reports on overseas volunte\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
er programs before firming up plans for the Peace Corps in early 1961. Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid9005051\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid6122942\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4808932\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid12798231\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4808932\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 drew on the experience of VSO and CUSO, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 as well as several }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16524037\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 American pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 posals}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid16524037\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10779553\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid16524037\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 had been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1130547\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 inspired}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4808932\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 by VGS. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12798231\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Several of Kennedy
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s advisors also knew Herb Feith\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 from his time at Cornell. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16591249\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
US h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 istorian Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman acknowledges }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5116047\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16591249\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 he influence of VGS on the Peace Corps}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2634841\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 writing that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the programs \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 shared a cultural kinship that made for a certain likeness, including the sense of a special mission
\hich\f31502 \rquote .
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10779553\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Now, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 hile }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4808932\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 these programs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 borrowed the basic model of development volunteering from VGS, there were significant differences. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10779553\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Above all, they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 differed in size and scope: VSO ha
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2058442\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 d overtaken the total number }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 sent by VGS within its first two years, and both were put\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in the shade by the more than 1000 Peace Corps volunteers who served in its very first year}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16591249\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 More than 220,000 Americans hav}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e now served in the Peace Corps, which has become a cultural icon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16591249\charrsid1458566
\par
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid412929 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
Notably, the religious aspects of VGS were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 erased}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 from\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid133042\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 these international programs}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , which were firmly focused on the secular goals of modernization and international development. The Peace Corps also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10779553\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 placed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
the Cold War at the front and centre of its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 early }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11736271\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 activities. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13115675\charrsid1458566
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11302217 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11302217\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 While some of the details changed, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11302217\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 he\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 export of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the fundamental development }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11302217\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 volunteering model was seen \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in an unproblematic way. \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 Developed\hich\f31502
\rquote \loch\f31502 nations would help \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 underdeveloped\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 ones; by the 1960s, the terms being used were First World and Third World. All the evidence suggests that VGS did no
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 t spend much time debating the meaning or location of development\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 It was assumed that \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 all
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 poor, post-colonial countries such as Indonesia, Burma and India were in need of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 volunteers}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11302217\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 from rich, putatively \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 developed\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
nations such as Australia, New Zealand \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and America. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 This suggests\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 an organic or \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 natural\hich\f31502
\rquote \loch\f31502 sense of who was, and wasn\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t, developed \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 even though \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the concept of \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 development\hich\f31502
\rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 was rarely defined\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and in fact formed the subject of a good deal of debate amongst economists.
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Of course, this idea of a \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 natural or organic connection between developed, Western nations\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
, and a gulf between Western and non-Western ones,\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 was not unique to the development sphere. The \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 organic\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
ties between English-speaking nations, and racial ties between whites or \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 Europeans\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
in general, lay at the heart of politics and culture in the colonial world. However, its continuation into the post-colonial period, and into the spheres of development and foreign aid, is very important. Again, it suggests that VGS }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and the development vol\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 unteer concept }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11302217\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 was \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 simultaneously translating colonial-era assumptions, even while it sought to overturn them. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11302217\charrsid1458566
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid412929 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13115675\charrsid1458566
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Just as the idea took off overseas, Australia\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s VGS was quietly wrapping up. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10779553\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 The instability of the situation in Indonesia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4672180\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 saw VGS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid3819818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 fold\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ed into a broader program, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10779553\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3819818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Overseas Service Bureau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10779553\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , and later into AVI, which still exists today}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3819818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
. VGS no longer existed on a stand-alone basis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10779553\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid3819818\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 by 1969, even the incoming Australian Ambassador to Indonesia didn\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t know of its existence.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4672180\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4672180\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 By this time,\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 however, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid16591249\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 t had already made its mark}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4672180\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . Many of the volunteers
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 future lives were profoundly shaped by their early experiences. Herb Feith became a renowned Indonesianist; as did Ken Thomas and the very last of the Volunteer Graduates, Harold Crouch. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12124889\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Sever\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 al others went on to prominent careers in foreign aid and international development, including at the}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5184829\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 policy level, where they set}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12124889\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Australian and UN priorities in these fields. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4672180\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
Others became more intimately connected to Indonesia. Several }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid593785\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 female volunteers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid4672180\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , including Ailsa Thomson, Joan Minogue and Thelma Ashton, married Indonesian men and lived their lives between Indonesia and Australia. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid1467612\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4672180\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
hey retained strong connections to Indonesia for the rest of their lives.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8931049\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8931049\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Moreover\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , volunteers felt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11302217\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 that they had also\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 improved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8931049\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 relations between East and West; North and South. Betty Feith, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Herb\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s wife and herself\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a volunteer
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in 1954, later reflected that there was \loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 a growing conviction that the Scheme itself was part of this making of history, in its role in establishin
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\f31502 g\'85\loch\f31502 a new way of relating to the needs of Third World peoples and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 nations\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 - and it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s significant that she saw VGS\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s impact as affecting the Third World, and not Indonesia.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid8931049\charrsid1458566
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10844109 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4672180\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16591249\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 So, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid11955474
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 by way of conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4983354\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , I want to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 pull back a little. W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4325656\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
hy is this important?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Why should we trace these small stories and their impact?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid4325656
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4325656\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
Foreign aid and international development are largely regarded as economic processes, based on quasi-scientific principles. The notion that underdeveloped nations must follow a number of processes \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
towards economic development}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , as modelled on the West,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid4325656\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 is so deeply entrenched as to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16586877\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 seem}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4325656\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 sacrosanct. It is both}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5643238\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16586877\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ommon and political knowledge. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid4325656\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 t structures economic and diplomatic systems and has a profound effect on the lives of millions of people arou\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 nd the world.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4467610\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4325656\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 But taking a historical approach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5643238\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 reveals a different }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 perspective}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid4467610\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . First of all, it destroys the facade of coherence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14498342\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Once we s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11153317\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 trip away}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid4467610\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 decades of economists\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 and politicians\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 rhetoric}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14498342\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 we can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid337387\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 recognise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 foreign aid as }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14498342\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
process }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14498342\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 that was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 in\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 vented}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid16586877\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , and invented piecemeal at that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
. Looking at its invention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4467610\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
reveals that theories and practices of economic development were not created whole, but rather were stitched together from trial and error; debate and compromise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ; translation and transposal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4467610\charrsid1458566
\par
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7021193 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
Most importantly, b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4325656\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 y investigating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4467610\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 foreign aid as a historical rather than economic process, you allow people back in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5050729\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 As we have seen, p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid4467610\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 eople }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 have multiple}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and sometimes contradictory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid5050729\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 intentions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and experiences}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5050729\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , and acknowledging them can help us }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2042567\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 under\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 stand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5050729\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
the tensions in the systems they bequeathed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7823109\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 us}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5050729\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid473290\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 he people who contributed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5050729\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
the system of development volunteering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid9903929\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2042567\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 their place and time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . Their ideas were shaped by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5050729\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 personality }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid9903929\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid5050729\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
also by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid10840818\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7625771\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 society; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid2042567\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid5050729\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 religious and political views, but also by broader }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7021193\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 assumptions about the nature of East and West, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Old and New Nations, Developed and U}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7021193\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 nderdeveloped}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 worlds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7021193\charrsid1458566 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7625771\charrsid1458566
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10844109 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12931182\charrsid1458566
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7625771\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 As we have seen tonight, ordinary people \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 even students \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502
could have a profound impact on the inv\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ention and practice of foreign aid and international development. Their invention, development volunteering, was made to suit specific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid475231\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 contexts and times \hich\f31502 \endash \loch\f31502 Indonesia and Australia in the early 1950s. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid5050729\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 However, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid475231\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 t soon bre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7625771\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ached these borders and was implemen\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ted by other actors, for different purposes, and in different contexts. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid15614653\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Looking to its origins can help us understand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid7625771\charrsid1458566
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12931182\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 not only how foreign aid practices came into being, but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11279291\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 can also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12931182\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
help explain some of the tensions an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid14377571\charrsid1458566 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 d contradictions in the system as it \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 continues today.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid16393252
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 applause]
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474
\par
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11955474 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 R}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 I think you can see that Agnieszka\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s got a very big vision and ...\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 but being incredibly focused on getting all of that detail and all those stories that have come directly out of the papers. I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
ve seen her every day for about 10 hours in that room, in the Special \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Collections\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Meeting Room poring through box after box after\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
box to create this story which probably has never been quite told in this way before so with that I think ... and we are very fortunate to have a volunteer who I did not quite realise when I said you were the oldest volunteer in the room, }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Jeff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , that you
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 were actually there so I think you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 ve got your hand ... is there somebody else here too? Ah how wonderful, welcome to you and I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 m sorry I didn
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t meet you first. Perhaps we should give you the microphone to start with to ask any ... and give you the first \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 r\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ight of asking or
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 commenting\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 on anything that Agnieszka has to say. We ask you to ... for the microphone simply because we are podcasting the talk and that way we can get the questions so it
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s not for hearing, it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s for recording. Thank you. So you would li\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ke to comment, anybody?
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab Well firstly congratulations, I thought that was a masterly presentation about a subject I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 m glad to see a number of people want to know about and care about.
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 In particular I was appreciative of the remarks about the earlier day\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
s of the scheme when I was there and Lindsay before me, in particular the way in which you developed the theme of how the scheme changed and the way in which the role of government also changed in relation to the scheme and how notions of foreign aid deve
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 l\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
oped after that and subsumed the scheme but nevertheless volunteers to continue to go from Australia and from other countries around the world to what we think of as less developed and that aspect of activity is really to be distinguished and added to for
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ign aid and I think it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s a very, very important point and I thought you made it very well if I may say so.
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab Thank you so very much, that\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s obviously a historian\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s worst nightmare to have their subject speak back so thank you. That\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 s brilliant and I thin\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 k ...
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab [unclear\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ].
\par
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\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab Of course. It is \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 absolutely\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 right and there\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s something you know the element which I couldn
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t really add to tonight\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s presentation \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 cause there\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s just so much that I wanted to talk about is that relationship to aid and Geoff m\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
akes a really good point you know this is coming to be at the same time, I mean within a matter of months as the most experimental of the UN foreign \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 aid\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
schemes towards development in the you know what came to be known as the third world. So 1951, the same\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
year that Herb Feeth goes is the year that the UN sends its first sort of development experts who are paid at a much greater salary. The \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Colombo\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
Plan of course comes into being at the same time and there\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s an immediate tension there you know the volunteer\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s are talking back, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 they
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 re\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 saying\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 actually, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 re
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 doing it wrong before you know and sort of trying to intervene at a time when this huge system which later becomes a \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 behemoth\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
especially during the \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 60s which was the decade of \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 development\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , comes into bei\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ng so there\hich\f31502
\rquote \loch\f31502 s a real tension and a conversation I think you know the critique of aid but also how it fed into aid systems that could be had and one day I will unpick it further.
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\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Other\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 comments and questions?
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\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab There are two other volunteer graduates\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
here, Lindsay and Sylvia Cleland and also Patrick Anderson who went as an AB ... was ABA for a year in Indonesia. There are spies here. I was \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Chairman\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 of the
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Volunteer\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Graduate\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Scheme from 1951 to 19 ...
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Don Anderson?
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Don Anderson\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s my name. And c\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ongratulations, that was a superb presentation and I think you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 ve captured the essence and spirit of the scheme and you
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 ve raised questions that some of us \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 hadn\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 really thought much about but are important questions.
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Politically\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 from the beginning the sch\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 eme had people within the \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Australian
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 government ... had the ear of people. Alf Parsons, later become \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Ambassador\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , was in the Embassy when I visited Indonesia with Herb in
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 51 and he was a great supporter of the scheme. The committee which you referred to wa\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
s a commi ... committee which I chaired was mainly volunteer graduates but Jim Webb whom you mentioned was a critical figure and without Jim\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s drive, energy, organising ability, the scheme wouldn\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 t have been the success it was and the successor, the ABC a\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 n\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 d so forth which Jim of course continued \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 working there.
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\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 I ... the comparison with \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 the Peace Corps is\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 interesting and probably instructive to follow that one up. I
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 visited the Peace Corps people in America late \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 50s and we compared notes and I said how do \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 you select your volunteers? And they said
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 we\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 ve\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 got a computer program, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 computers\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
you know the size of a house then but they had all of the \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 attributes\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 that were required in the field and they matched those with personality characteristics and sort of ... i
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 n that way. They said to me how do you select your people? I said well our ... we have a ... they have to be able to withstand frustration and maintain a hard and frustrating task and those were ... the
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 frustrations\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 were the volunteers inevitably have to w\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
ait I'm sure, Geoff and Lindsay and Sylvia will confirm this but there were delays and difficulties getting post. The graduates, those there in the field by the way were important in attempting to get places for the others. And the hard task was learning
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 I\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ndonesian and perhaps learning about Indonesian food and chilli but we found that anyone who stood the distance on those things were admirable guarantees and we had no need of
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 personality\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 tests.
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\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab Thank you, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Don\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 ll have to have a chat with you afterwa\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
rds, I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 ve attempted to stalk you but unsuccessfully in the past. I think you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 re absolutely right \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 firstly\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
about Jim Webb so when Robin says that I spend hours and hours reading the records, they\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 re largely Jim\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s papers. The man was an inspirational and some
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 times frustratingly thorough administrator, he got absolutely everything on paper \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
and it was just incredible so reading those papers is fantastic. And as you say I think that difference with the Peace Corps is very instructive you know the idea, the sort o\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
f ... the germ of the model that comes from Australia is picked up but it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s fu ... infused with such American \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 qualities\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
by the time it becomes the Peace Corps and this is something I want to look at in that broader project\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 . You point out computers but ther\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e were also ... there\hich\f31502
\rquote \loch\f31502 s a psychology industry that was going into this, I mean this is the same time as the rise of psychology and social science as part of everyday life so they were doing psychological testing of every single volunteer who got beyond an
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 interview.
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\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Also publicity so the advertising \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 industries\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and publicity industries which America does so well and
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 unfortunately\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 better than \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
VGS did with its lovely typewritten newsletters. By the time the Peace Corps get their hands and budgets on it it bec\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 omes you know there\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
re sitcoms which feature the Peace Corps, there are so many ads and ... in so many magazines using professional advertising agencies, that it takes on a life of its own not necessarily to the benefit of the idea itself though because b
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 y\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ... if you look at what they\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 re talking about and what the advertising is, it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s not about the job, it
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s not about the role, it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s about the person and how great they are that they\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 re volunteers and aren\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
t they glamorous and aren\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t they good-looking? You k\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 n\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ow these sort of selfless Americans who are the best of what America is so yes, I think you
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 re very right, there is a huge difference between this scheme and what becomes a peace corps but I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 d very interested in that chat that you had which one day I\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 ll f\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 o\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 llow up.
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\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab Hi, Paul Bird, I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 m honoured to be the \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 current\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 head of Australian Volunteers
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 International\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s brilliant of be in such esteemed company and Don, \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 absolutely
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 , I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 ve been stalking you too so you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 re not going to escape this room for very long.\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
I just wanted to say well done, it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s fascinating and it really builds on Gemma\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s book}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and look forward to working with you \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and actually you know supporting your work.
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\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 My \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 observation is I think the approach around \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 developmen\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 t\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
and some extent diplomacy is as \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 relevant\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 today as it was back then. I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
ve had the last 30 years working developing world. I found those communities happier at ti ... most of the time and have more purpose and tradition than our communities and my frustrat\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
ion is that we live in Australia ever becoming more insular, more consumerist and I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 m desperate to enable more Australians to \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
experience that ... a world which I think has more purpose but also to play a meaningful role in that so my other frustration is h\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 aving worked in the \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 development
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 field, is that ... including as a technical consultant I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
ve got to say but working with INGOs is I think the building of that mutual respect and trust which you talked about over a period of time with communities over a long\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 period of time and AVI\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 s as you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
ve alluded to has been working in those communities for the last 50, 60 years including the Pacific, around the Pacific for the last 50 years. That change is incremental so the question for me is how do we take those lesso
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 n\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
s? My job is to make sure that DNA still flows through AVI which is really important but how do we influence the government and the developed world? That is the approach development that should continue and should build.
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\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab Yes, it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s not a question I can \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 answer I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 m afraid but thank you, it is a really important point that you
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 re making that this is still of continued relevance and I think perhaps becomes increasingly so as the voluntourism industry rises up as a sort of competitor to development volunteer\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
i\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ng as it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s you know officially set up so if long-term projects and long-term contact with communities is as you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
re saying so important then what happens when there\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s a sort of a shadow industry that sends kids for a couple of weeks sometimes you know to d\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 o\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
jobs that they\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 re not trained in and that locals would probably be better off doing and being paid for? \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 So yes, I think you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
re exactly right, I mean there is so much more here in terms of the politics of this.
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\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 m not exactly sure that I can fix it but \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 I think that looking back at the history is an important thing that hasn\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 t necessarily been looked at you know a lot of the debates in development studies are does it work? Does it not? You know what are the benefits? Well if you can sort of take it back \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 step and look at how did it come to be, you can sort of step outside of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid12216017 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Manichean}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 sort of divides, good, bad \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and sort of see well the reason why it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s complex is because it has conflicting sometimes elements that went into it at its very crea\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 tion. So \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 unpicking\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
some of those threads and seeing that it was complex from the beginning can sort of help people understand why it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s still complex and why you know it has mixed effects. But I think it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s quite important to do that in the first place as op\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 posed to just yeah debating good, bad, fund or not fund.
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I think we\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 re drawing to a close, is there anybody ... yes one more? Any more comments then?
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\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab Thanks very much. My name\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Patrick\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Anderson, Don\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s son. I was a volunteer for six years but four \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 of them funded by \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Australia\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Volunteer Program in Jakarta.
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 I worked with \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Friends of the Earth Indonesia and I think it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s an interesting topic that goes beyond where you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
ve gone but how the framework of the volunteer program moved from suppor\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
t to government to support for universities and nongovernment organisations and so my work was all you know with non-government groups, often criticising or opposing the Indonesian government. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
I knew Herb from when I was a kid and I wasn\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t aware of his Chr\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 istian values in that sense, I thought that they were more from his experience as a
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 refugee and from a Jewish family and I thought ... and assumed, I suppose, that his approach was more framed around those more general human rights about you know the probl\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
em with totalitarianism and you know basic human rights of you know the right to exist as a people, the right to be able to speak, to be able to organise and so on and that\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s very \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
much how much work is.
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\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 I work today with a group called Forest People\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s Pro\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 gram that works with \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 forest
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 peoples throughout the world and it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s ba ... you know it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s a human rights organisation so ... but in the context of Indonesia and my work, I work with an \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 environment\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 group but in Indonesia in the you know this is from 2001
\hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 til \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 2006 with Friends of the Earth Indonesia, there wasn\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t really a difference \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
between environment issues and human rights issues. We had common enemies which were you know the corruption, collusion, nepotism between government and industry and the you know th\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 e abuse of the
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 rights\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 of communities and so on but I think that\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s an interesting issue which probably goes beyond your study of where the program evolved and how it actually evolved into a program that doesn\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t so much actually provide placements in governm
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ent but more in the nongovernment sector. Thank you.
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid13506283 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab Thank you. No, that is actually a really good point and I suspect, although I haven\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t done the study of it in sort of detail yet, that it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s part about the broader shift in aid funding which happens i\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 n the \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 70s and \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502
80s as a lot of the really big funders sort of lose legitimacy, the World Bank for example stops being seen as right and INGOs sort of step into that space. That work\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s largely been done in the UK context so there is a little bit about you\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 know how UK NGOs stepped in and gained legitimacy so I suspect it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s part of that. I think ... I do want to say something about Herb Feether and that religious question \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 cause that is a \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 huge\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
and quite interesting one. And I know Gemma Purdy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13506283 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 who
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s Herb Feeth\loch\af31502\dbch\af31505\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s biographer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid13506283 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 and I\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 ve had this conversation with her actually in Indonesia. And she you know I was telling her well I\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 ve found all these things in Herb Feeth\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s papers, it was ... it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s actually evangelical you know it sounds \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 like he
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 wants\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 to \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 send missionar\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ies to Indonesia.
\par
\par \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 At this stage he\hich\f31502 \rquote \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 s very strongly Christian and Gemma\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s like you know looking from the longer perspective of Herb over his life, she was just like Agnieszka, he\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s not an evangelical Christian like he \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 doesn't
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 have those strong beliefs. He \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 went through many phases where he really believed lots of things at different times you know he\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s always a spiritual person who\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s searching for things but you know she will say I \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 don\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 think he\hich\f31502
\rquote \loch\f31502 s an evangelical Christian. And I \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 don\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 think he is except per\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
haps at this point in time you know a couple of years in the early \hich\f31502 \lquote \loch\f31502 50s which happened to be so productive for him but he was very clearly on some level influenced by these schemes, it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s there, it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s in his handwriting so I think you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 re right, I mean over \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 a\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 lifetime if you look at Herb, he
\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s not ... he\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s not trying to push \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 religion\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 on anyone, it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s very much a private \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 journey\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 which is always imbued with those ideas of social justice you know it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502
s never a nasty Christianity or nasty anything. But I think at th\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 is point in time, which is why I think it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s so important to sort of make it a small story, he\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 s very strongly influenced. So yeah, I don\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 t know what to make of that, it\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s an interesting debate.
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31502\fs22\insrsid13506283 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31502\fs22\insrsid11955474\charrsid11955474 \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 :\tab
Well, Agnieszka, I think you\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 ve taken us to ... from the v\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ery small to the very big and back to the finishing small but very important point and I think what you\hich\f31502 \rquote
\loch\f31502 ve also done is engendered such living history, I would call it, as part of this conversation and it is a conversation that\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s obviously very resonant i\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 n
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 today\hich\f31502 \rquote \loch\f31502 s world as much as it was in the beginning of the 1950s. \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
And I too think we would all concur with the comments that have been made that this was an exceptionally wonderful talk and a \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 fantastic\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502
piece of research. We look forward to the very big book \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 but we also look forward to the individual stories that come out of it so will you please join me in thinking \hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 Agnieszka
\hich\af31502\dbch\af31505\loch\f31502 ...
\par
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